{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T03:57:14Z","timestamp":1781841434438,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitol Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Haemosporidians, a group of vector-borne parasites that parasitize the blood cells and internal organs of various animal species, are reported to cause severe pathology in raptors. Species belonging to the genera <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Haemoproteus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Leucocytozoon<\/jats:italic> are the ones of greatest wildlife importance. The common buzzard (<jats:italic>Buteo buteo<\/jats:italic>) and the Eurasian sparrowhawk (<jats:italic>Accipiter nisus<\/jats:italic>) are the most numerous raptor species in Europe. Reliable data is lacking for many raptor species in Greece. The aim of this study was to assess, for the first time, the prevalence and geographical distribution of haemosporidian infection (mainly <jats:italic>Leucocytozoon<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>) in these two avian species in Greece, in correlation with the risk factors of age and sex. In total, 62 common buzzards and 26 Eurasian sparrowhawks were included in this study, all being admitted for treatment at a Greek Wildlife Rehabilitation Center. Blood samples were collected and microscopical analysis was performed after staining blood smears with Giemsa. DNA was extracted from each sample and a fraction of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was amplified by a nested PCR protocol. All positive samples were subjected to sequencing. Total prevalence of haemosporidian infection by morphological and molecular examination was 59% and 73.9%, respectively. Binary logistic regression was carried out. The most prevalent infection was by <jats:italic>Leucocytozoon<\/jats:italic> spp. Most of the samples had mixed infections. The isolated genetic lineages of <jats:italic>Leucocytozoon<\/jats:italic> spp. were BUBT2, BUBT3, MILVUS01, ACNI1, BUBO01 and MILANS04. The detected genetic lineages of <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> spp. were TURDUS1, BT7 and DONANA02. A\u00a0new genetic lineage, BUTBUT17, was also identified.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-024-08445-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T07:34:47Z","timestamp":1736235287000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["First assessment of the prevalence of haemosporidian infections in Accipitriformes raptors in Greece"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Grigorios","family":"Markakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaidas","family":"Palinauskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Just\u0117","family":"A\u017eelyt\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaia","family":"Symeonidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vilt\u0117","family":"Sutkaityt\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasios I.","family":"Gelasakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Komnenou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elias","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"8445_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-048X.2009.04915.x","volume":"41","author":"CT Atkinson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Atkinson CT, Samuel MD (2010) Avian malaria Plasmodium relictum in native Hawaiian forest birds: epizootiology and demographic impacts on \u00e0apapane Himatione sanguinea. J Avian Biol 41:357\u2013366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-048X.2009.04915.x","journal-title":"J Avian Biol"},{"key":"8445_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3829","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2004.02363.x","volume":"13","author":"JS Beadell","year":"2004","unstructured":"Beadell JS, Gering E, Austin J et al (2004) Prevalence and differential host-specificity of two avian blood parasite genera in the Australo-Papuan region. Mol Ecol 13:3829\u20133844. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2004.02363.x","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"8445_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bensch S, Hellgren O, P\u00c9rez-Tris J (2009) MalAvi: a public database of malaria parasites and related haemosporidians in avian hosts based on mitochondrial cytochrome b lineages. Mol Ecol Resour 9:1353\u20131358.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2009.02692.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2009.02692.x"},{"key":"8445_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1181","volume":"267","author":"S Bensch","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bensch S, Stjernman M, Hasselquist D et al (2000) Host specificity in avian blood parasites: a study of Plasmodium and Haemoproteus mitochondrial DNA amplified from birds. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 267:1583\u20131589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2000.1181","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"8445_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2016.01.009","volume":"163","author":"R Bernotiene","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bernotiene R, Palinauskas V, Iezhova T et al (2016) Avian haemosporidian parasites (Haemosporida): a comparative analysis of different polymerase chain reaction assays in detection of mixed infections. Exp Parasitol 163:31\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exppara.2016.01.009","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"8445_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.13063","volume":"29","author":"M Briedis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Briedis M, Bauer S, Adam\u00edk P et al (2020) Broad-scale patterns of the Afro-Palaearctic landbird migration. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 29:722\u2013735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/geb.13063","journal-title":"Glob Ecol Biogeogr"},{"key":"8445_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052431","volume":"18","author":"N Chakarov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chakarov N, Blanco G (2021) Blood parasites in sympatric vultures: role of nesting habits and effects on body condition. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18052431","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"8445_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2008.01460.x","volume":"22","author":"N Chakarov","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chakarov N, Boerner M, Kr\u00fcger O (2008) Fitness in common buzzards at the cross-point of opposite melanin-parasite interactions. Funct Ecol 22:1062\u20131069. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2008.01460.x","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"8445_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13115","volume":"24","author":"N Chakarov","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chakarov N, Linke B, Boerner M et al (2015) Apparent vector-mediated parent-to-offspring transmission in an avian malaria-like parasite. Mol Ecol 24:1355\u20131363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mec.13115","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"8445_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dadam D, Robinson RA, Clements A, et al (2019) Avian malaria-mediated population decline of a widespread iconic bird species. R Soc Open Sci 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.182197","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.182197"},{"key":"8445_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2109.jModelTest","volume":"9","author":"D Darriba","year":"2012","unstructured":"Darriba D, Taboada GL, Doallo R, Posada D (2012) jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and high-performance computing Europe PMC Funders Group. Nat Methods 9:772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nmeth.2109.jModelTest","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"8445_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2021.03.001","volume":"51","author":"DD de Angeli","year":"2021","unstructured":"de Angeli DD, Fecchio A, Martins Braga \u00c9, Poulin R (2021) Migratory birds have higher prevalence and richness of avian haemosporidian parasites than residents. Int J Parasitol 51:877\u2013882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpara.2021.03.001","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"8445_CR13","first-page":"329","volume":"21","author":"S Deem","year":"1999","unstructured":"Deem S (1999) Infectious and parasitic diseases of raptors. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practising Veterinarian -North American Edition- 21(4):329\u2013338","journal-title":"Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practising Veterinarian -North American Edition-"},{"key":"8445_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-6-157","volume":"6","author":"L Duval","year":"2007","unstructured":"Duval L, Robert V, Csorba G et al (2007) Multiple host-switching of Haemosporidia parasites in bats. Malar J 6:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2875-6-157","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"8445_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2975","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06801-5","volume":"119","author":"M Giorgiadis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giorgiadis M, Guillot J, Duval L et al (2020) Haemosporidian parasites from captive Strigiformes in France. Parasitol Res 119:2975\u20132981. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-020-06801-5","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"8445_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-23.4.558","volume":"23","author":"RD Godfrey","year":"1987","unstructured":"Godfrey RD, Fedynich AM, Pence DB (1987) Quantification of hematozoa in blood smears. J Wildl Dis 23(4):558\u2013565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/0090-3558-23.4.558","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"8445_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12837","volume":"97","author":"LA Grieves","year":"2022","unstructured":"Grieves LA, Gilles M, Cuthill IC et al (2022) Olfactory camouflage and communication in birds. Biol Rev 97:1193\u20131209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/brv.12837","journal-title":"Biol Rev"},{"key":"8445_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0802-9","volume":"8","author":"R Guti\u00e9rrez-L\u00f3pez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez-L\u00f3pez R, Gangoso L, Mart\u00ednez-De La Puente J et al (2015) Low prevalence of blood parasites in a long-distance migratory raptor: the importance of host habitat. Parasit Vectors 8:4\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-015-0802-9","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"8445_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4743-1","volume":"115","author":"J Hanel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hanel J, Dole\u017ealov\u00e1 J, Stehl\u00edkov\u00e1 \u0160 et al (2016) Blood parasites in northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) with an emphasis to Leucocytozoon toddi. Parasitol Res 115:263\u2013270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-015-4743-1","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"8445_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-04019-z","volume":"21","author":"J Harl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Harl J, Himmel T, Valki\u016bnas G et al (2022) Avian haemosporidian parasites of accipitriform raptors. Malar J 21:14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-021-04019-z","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"8445_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2023066","volume":"31","author":"J Harl","year":"2024","unstructured":"Harl J, Fauchois A, Puech MP et al (2024) (2024) Novel phylogenetic clade of avian Haemoproteus parasites (Haemosporida, Haemoproteidae) from Accipitridae raptors, with description of a new Haemoproteus species. Parasite 31:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/parasite\/2023066","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"issue":"4","key":"8445_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-184R1","volume":"90","author":"O Hellgren","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hellgren O, Waldenstr\u00f6 J (2004) Bensch S (2004) A new PCR assay for simultaneous studies of Leucocytozoon, Plasmodium, and Haemoproteus from avian blood. J Parasitol 90(4):797\u2013802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/GE-184R1","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"8445_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2007.03227.x","volume":"16","author":"O Hellgren","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hellgren O, Waldenstr\u00f6m J, Per\u00e9z-Tris J et al (2007) Detecting shifts of transmission areas in avian blood parasites - a phylogenetic approach. Mol Ecol 16:1281\u20131290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2007.03227.x","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"8445_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ings K, Denk D (2022) Avian malaria in penguins: diagnostics and future direction in the context of climate change. Animals 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12050600","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12050600"},{"key":"8445_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2009.01920.x","volume":"23","author":"SCL Knowles","year":"2010","unstructured":"Knowles SCL, Palinauskas V, Sheldon BC (2010) Chronic malaria infections increase family inequalities and reduce parental fitness: experimental evidence from a wild bird population. J Evol Biol 23:557\u2013569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2009.01920.x","journal-title":"J Evol Biol"},{"key":"8445_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1357R1.1","volume":"94","author":"O Krone","year":"2008","unstructured":"Krone O, Waldenstr\u00f6m J, Valkiunas G et al (2008) Haemosporidian blood parasites in European birds of prey and owls. J Parasitol 94:709\u2013715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/GE-1357R1.1","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"8445_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081607","volume":"8","author":"B Lei","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lei B, Amar A, Koeslag A et al (2013) Differential haemoparasite intensity between black sparrowhawk (Accipiter melanoleucus) morphs suggests an adaptive function for polymorphism. PLoS ONE 8:2\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0081607","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"8445_CR28","first-page":"43","volume":"115","author":"M Lierz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lierz M, G\u00f6bel T, Schuster RK (2002) Occurrence of parasites in indigenous birds of prey and owls. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 115(1\u20132):43\u201352","journal-title":"Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr"},{"key":"8445_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1312","volume":"267","author":"S Merino","year":"2000","unstructured":"Merino S, Moreno J, Sanz JJ, Arriero E (2000) Are avian blood parasites pathogenic in the wild? A medication experiment in blue tits (Parus caeruleus). Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 267:2507\u20132510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2000.1312","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"8445_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohan H, Mohan S (2017) Infectious and parasitic diseases. Essent Pathol Dent Students 166\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5005\/jp\/books\/12923_14","DOI":"10.5005\/jp\/books\/12923_14"},{"key":"8445_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.144.23.632","volume":"144","author":"E Mu\u00f1oz","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz E, Ferrer D, Molina R, Adlard RD (1999) Prevalence of haematozoa in birds of prey in Catalonia, north-east Spain. Vet Rec 144:632\u2013636. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/vr.144.23.632","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"8445_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0575-y","volume":"101","author":"J Ortego","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ortego J, Calabuig G, Cordero PJ, Aparicio JM (2007) Genetic characterization of avian malaria (Protozoa) in the endangered lesser kestrel, Falco naumanni. Parasitol Res 101:1153\u20131156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-007-0575-y","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"8445_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1807.AD1807","volume":"18","author":"D Otranto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F, Papadopoulos E et al (2012) Tracking the vector of Onchocerca lupi in a rural area of Greece. Emerg Infect Dis 18:1196\u20131200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1807.AD1807","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"8445_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1080\/03079458308436189","volume":"12","author":"MA Peirce","year":"1983","unstructured":"Peirce MA, Greenwood AG, Cooper JE (1983) Haematozoa of raptors and other birds from Britain, Spain and the United Arab Emirates. Avian Pathol 12:443\u2013446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03079458308436189","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"8445_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.12.007","volume":"43","author":"A P\u00e9rez-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2013","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Rodr\u00edguez A, de la Puente J, Onrubia A, P\u00e9rez-Tris J (2013) Molecular characterization of haemosporidian parasites from kites of the genus Milvus (Aves: Accipitridae). Int J Parasitol 43:381\u2013387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.12.007","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"8445_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1647\/2003-008","volume":"18","author":"JD Remple","year":"2004","unstructured":"Remple JD (2004) Intracellular hematozoa of raptors: a review and update. J of Avian Medicine and Surgery 18(2):75\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1647\/2003-008","journal-title":"J of Avian Medicine and Surgery"},{"key":"8445_CR37","volume-title":"Birds of Greece","author":"L Svensson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Svensson L (2015) Birds of Greece. Hellenic Ornithological Society, Greece, Cyprus and Europe"},{"key":"8445_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05623-x","volume":"16","author":"M Svobodov\u00e1","year":"2023","unstructured":"Svobodov\u00e1 M, \u010cepi\u010dka I, Z\u00eddkov\u00e1 L et al (2023) Blood parasites (Trypanosoma, Leucocytozoon, Haemoproteus) in the Eurasian sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus): diversity, incidence and persistence of infection at the individual level. Parasit Vectors 16:1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-022-05623-x","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"8445_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-4217-x","volume":"114","author":"M Svobodov\u00e1","year":"2015","unstructured":"Svobodov\u00e1 M, Weidinger K, Pe\u0161ke L et al (2015) Trypanosomes and haemosporidia in the buzzard (Buteo buteo) and sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus): factors affecting the prevalence of parasites. Parasitol Res 114:551\u2013560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-014-4217-x","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"8445_CR40","volume-title":"Avian malaria parasites and other haemosporidia","author":"G Valki\u016bnas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Valki\u016bnas G (2005) Avian malaria parasites and other haemosporidia. CRC Press, Florida"},{"issue":"2","key":"8445_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3547RN.1","volume":"92","author":"G Valki\u016bnas","year":"2006","unstructured":"Valki\u016bnas G, Bensch S, Iezhova TA (2006) Nested cytochrome B polymerase chain reaction diagnostics underestimate mixed infections of avian blood haemosporidian parasites: microscopy is still essential. J of Parasitology 92(2):418\u2013422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/GE-3547RN.1","journal-title":"J of Parasitology"},{"key":"8445_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Valki\u016bnas G, Iezhova TA (2023) Insights into the biology of Leucocytozoon species (Haemosporida, Leucocytozoidae): why is there slow research progress on agents of leucocytozoonosis? Microorganisms 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11051251","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051251"},{"key":"8445_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1570.1","volume":"94","author":"G Valkiunas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Valkiunas G, Iezhova TA, Kri\u017eanauskiene A et al (2008) A comparative analysis of microscopy and PCR-based detection methods for blood parasites. J Parasitol 94:1395\u20131401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/GE-1570.1","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"8445_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2021.10.009","volume":"16","author":"A Wiegmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wiegmann A, Springer A, Rinaud T et al (2021) The prevalence of Leucocytozoon spp. in nestlings of three wild raptor species including implications on haematological and blood chemistry values. J Parasitol 16:236\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2021.10.009","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"8445_CR45","unstructured":"Wreford EP (2014) The ecology of Black Sparrowhawks (Accipiter melanoleucus) in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg"}],"container-title":["Parasitology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00436-024-08445-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00436-024-08445-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00436-024-08445-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T05:23:23Z","timestamp":1744176203000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00436-024-08445-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["8445"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-024-08445-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0932-0113","1432-1955"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0932-0113","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1955","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was obtained by the Ethics Committee of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (32778\/2021). Collection of blood samples was carried out by veterinarians adhering to the regulations and guidelines on animal husbandry and welfare. The birds were admitted to ANIMA, Association for Wildlife Care and Protection which is a nationally and legally recognised non-profit association for the hospitalization\u00a0and rehabilitation of wild animals.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"All authors consent to participate in this publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors consent to publish the manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial number"}}],"article-number":"2"}}