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In Italy, an endemic region for CanL, overlapping transmission of\u00a0<jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\u00a0and tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) like\u00a0<jats:italic>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\u00a0and\u00a0<jats:italic>Ehrlichia canis<\/jats:italic>\u00a0is increasingly reported. Dogs with clinical leishmaniosis often show higher co-infection rates and pronounced clinicopathological abnormalities. This study presents a systematic literature review and new findings from southern Italy, focusing on co-infections with\u00a0<jats:italic>E. canis<\/jats:italic>\u00a0and\u00a0<jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\u00a0in clinically healthy\u00a0<jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic> seropositive and seronegative dogs. The systematic review identified two eligible studies. The first reported 34\/488 (7%) dogs\u00a0<jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\u00a0seropositive, with 11.8% also seropositive for\u00a0<jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>. Among 454 seronegative dogs, 3% were seropositive for\u00a0<jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\u00a0and 2.4% for\u00a0<jats:italic>E. canis<\/jats:italic>. The second study identified 154\/1260 (12.2%) dogs\u00a0<jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\u00a0seropositive, with co-infection rates of 0.6% and 1.9% for\u00a0<jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\u00a0and\u00a0<jats:italic>E. canis<\/jats:italic>, respectively. Among 1106 seronegative dogs, 1.3% were seropositive for\u00a0<jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\u00a0and 2.3% for\u00a0<jats:italic>E. canis<\/jats:italic>. In the retrospective study from southern Italy, 90\/154 (58.4%) dogs were\u00a0<jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\u00a0seropositive, with co-infection rates of 4.4% for <jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic> and 2.2% for <jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\u00a0and <jats:italic>E. canis<\/jats:italic>. Among 64 seronegative dogs, 1.6% showed similar co-infections. This is the first systematic review in Italy, documenting low and comparable co-infection rates with\u00a0<jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\u00a0and\u00a0<jats:italic>E. canis<\/jats:italic>\u00a0in clinically healthy\u00a0dogs, regardless of <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\u00a0serostatus. These findings suggest that co-infections may occur independently, offering insights into vector-borne disease dynamics in endemic areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-025-08458-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T05:53:09Z","timestamp":1738129989000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Co-infections of rickettsiales in clinically healthy, Leishmania infantum seropositive and seronegative dogs: a systematic literature review and new findings from Southern Italy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Oana","family":"Gusatoaia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Livia","family":"Perles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Alfonsa","family":"Cavalera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annamaria","family":"Uva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Floriana","family":"Gernone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Otranto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Zatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"8458_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2008.04.001","volume":"24","author":"G Baneth","year":"2008","unstructured":"Baneth G, Koutinas AF, Solano-Gallego L et al (2008) Canine leishmaniosis \u2013 new concepts and insights on an expanding zoonosis: part one. 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