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Avian Pathol 42:137\u2013146 2013). In some immune-compromised birds, disease causes significant morbidity and, occasionally, mortality (Morgan et al. NZVJ 62:315\u2013320 2014); however, understanding of the biology of disease-causing <jats:italic>Eimeria<\/jats:italic> species in kiwi is limited. A probe-based qPCR assay targeting a 115-bp fragment of the <jats:italic>Eimeria<\/jats:italic> mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (CO1) gene was developed to identify three distinct kiwi <jats:italic>Eimeria<\/jats:italic> species: the two species most commonly recovered from faeces, <jats:italic>Eimeria kiwii<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Eimeria apteryxii<\/jats:italic>, as well as the newly described species, <jats:italic>Eimeria koka<\/jats:italic> (Scheltema et al. Syst Parasitol 102:30\u00a02025). The qPCR assay was then applied to retrospectively analyse formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded intestine, kidney, liver, lung, and spleen tissues from ten historic post-mortem cases from kiwi diagnosed with extraintestinal coccidiosis. This novel assay detected infection more often (33\/47 tissues) than manual histopathological identification (25\/47 tissues). Only one species, <jats:italic>E. koka<\/jats:italic>, was detected in extraintestinal tissues with the highest prevalence (9\/10) in kidney tissues. In contrast, <jats:italic>E. kiwii<\/jats:italic> was reliably detected in 8\/9 intestinal tissues but was not detected in the other tissues tested. <jats:italic>E. apteryxii<\/jats:italic> was not detected in any of the tissues analysed. These findings suggest that kiwi are infected by at least one intestinal and one renal-specific species, the latter of which is suspected to disseminate under certain conditions to other organs of the body.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-025-08521-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T22:10:49Z","timestamp":1751580649000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development of a qPCR molecular diagnostic assay for the detection of kiwi Eimeria species and its application to determine tissue-specificity of species causing coccidiosis in North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"124","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2090-8657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Scheltema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1332-0359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerri","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4049-4191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Mackay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2323-3336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Preet","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2594-2008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laryssa","family":"Howe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"8521_CR1","volume-title":"Operation nest egg incubation and chick rearing best practice protocols","author":"S Bassett","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bassett S (2012) Operation nest egg incubation and chick rearing best practice protocols. 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