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This study investigates the effects of ionic silver (AgNO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and engineered nano-silver (nAg) on the reproductive dynamics and spatial distribution of\n                    <jats:italic>M. congolensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , both on and off its host. Parasite reproduction off the host was assessed under unexposed then varying concentrations of AgNO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    (0.1\u2013100\u00a0\u00b5g\/L) and nAg (0.1\u2013100\u00a0mg\/L), while host-parasite interactions were conducted using the LC\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    of the parasite for AgNO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    and nAg. Results indicate that silver-based treatments exhibit concentration-dependent inhibitory effects on parasite reproduction. At lower concentrations (\u2264\u20092\u00a0\u00b5g\/L AgNO\u2083 and\u2009\u2264\u20091\u00a0mg\/L nAg), minimal effects were observed. In contrast, higher concentrations (\u2265\u200950\u00a0\u00b5g\/L AgNO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    and\u2009\u2265\u200920\u00a0mg\/L nAg) significantly suppressed reproduction. Parasite mortality increased with silver exposure, particularly in off-host conditions. Spatial distribution heatmaps illustrated that\n                    <jats:italic>M. congolensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    primarily occupied the host\u2019s head region, i.e. preference for microhabitats that support survival and transmission. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of parasites exposed to both forms of Ag showed tegument disruption. The host integument showed minimal punctures when exposed to AgNO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    and no damage in the control and exposure to nAg. While AgNO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    and nAg show potential as antiparasitic agents in aquaculture, their broader ecological and physiological impacts on host fish and the environment require further investigation. The study highlights the need for optimised dosing strategies to balance efficacy and environmental and host safety, offering valuable insights into developing alternative parasite management approaches for aquaculture.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-025-08566-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T07:51:43Z","timestamp":1760601103000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluating the impact of ionic and nano silver on the reproductive dynamics of Macrogyrodactylus congolensis: host-dependent and independent effects"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"124","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1143-1095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lutfiyya","family":"Latief","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7156-5936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarryn L.","family":"Botha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8820-7679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annemari\u00e8 Avenant","family":"Oldewage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"8566_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abu-Elala NM, Attia MM, Abd-Elsalam RM (2018) Chitosan-silver nanocomposites in goldfish aquaria: A new perspective in Lernaea cyprinacea control. 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