{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T18:28:48Z","timestamp":1782412128450,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Abdul Rahman Osmani"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitol Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-025-08581-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T05:47:28Z","timestamp":1762580848000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Molecular profiling and risk factors assessment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in an expanding endemic focus of Punjab, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Asma","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saima","family":"Qadeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ume Amara","family":"Bukhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismail","family":"Zeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akhtar","family":"Rasool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umme","family":"Salma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadia","family":"Shaukat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rehman","family":"Shahzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul Rahman","family":"Osmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"8581_CR1","unstructured":"Accessed-01-22- WHOJ (2019) Leishmaniasis https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/leishmaniasis, updated-03-14-2018"},{"issue":"5","key":"8581_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0268801","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268801","volume":"17","author":"S Ahmad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ahmad S et al (2022) Knowledge, attitude, and practices towards cutaneous leishmaniasis in referral cases with cutaneous lesions: A cross-sectional survey in remote districts of Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Pakistan 17(5):e0268801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0268801","journal-title":"Pakistan"},{"key":"8581_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4162-13178","volume":"76","author":"A Allahem","year":"2024","unstructured":"Allahem A, Alajmi R, Alajami MA, El-Ashram S, Bashir M, Abdel-Gaber RJABMVZ (2024) Molecular detection of leishmania species in sand flies by PCR-RFLP technique in refugee camps. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 76:e13178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1678-4162-13178","journal-title":"Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec"},{"issue":"2","key":"8581_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.33899\/ijvs.2023.143821.3259","volume":"38","author":"HH Alseady","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alseady HH, Al-Dabbagh SMJ (2024) Isolation and molecular identification of cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans and dogs in middle Euphrates, Iraq. IJVS 38(2):427\u2013435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33899\/ijvs.2023.143821.3259","journal-title":"IJVS"},{"issue":"3","key":"8581_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","volume":"215","author":"SF Altschul","year":"1990","unstructured":"Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJJJ (1990) Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215(3):403\u2013410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"8581_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671","volume":"7","author":"J Alvar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alvar J et al (2012) Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS One 7(5):e35671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"8581_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anwar M, Hussain M, Ur Rehman H, Khan I, Sheikh RJE-EMHJ (2007) Epidemic of cutaneous leishmaniasis: 109 cases in a population of 500. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 13(5):212\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26719\/2007.13.5.1212.","DOI":"10.26719\/2007.13.5.1212"},{"issue":"7","key":"8581_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2024.06.005","volume":"56","author":"A Ashraf","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ashraf A, Qadeer S, Bukhari UA, Salma UJP (2024) Lupoid cutaneous leishmaniasis in Pakistan: a case series in school children. Pathology 56(7):1049\u20131051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pathol.2024.06.005","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"issue":"3","key":"8581_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009099","volume":"15","author":"M Azim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Azim M, Khan SA, Ullah S, Ullah S, Anjum SI, JP (2021) Therapeutic advances in the topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis: a review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15(3):e0009099. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009099","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"8581_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-024-00190-z","volume":"14","author":"M Bamorovat","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bamorovat M et al (2024) Global dilemma and needs assessment toward achieving sustainable development goals in controlling leishmaniasis. J Epidemiol Glob Health 14(1):22\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44197-024-00190-z","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"8581_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.05.009","volume":"111","author":"AM Bhutto","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bhutto AM et al (2009) Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania (L.) major infection in Sindh Province. Pakistan. Acta Trop 111(3):295\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.05.009","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"3","key":"8581_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012006","volume":"18","author":"K Bi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bi K et al (2024) Clinical and laboratory characterization of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Chinese migrant workers returned from Iraq. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 18(3):e0012006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012006","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"8581_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1086\/648730","volume":"50","author":"AK Boggild","year":"2010","unstructured":"Boggild AK et al (2010) Detection and species identification of leishmania DNA from filter paper lesion impressions for patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clin Infect Dis 50(1):e1\u2013e6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/648730","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"8581_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-022-00726-8","volume":"23","author":"HJ de Vries","year":"2022","unstructured":"de Vries HJ, Schallig HDJA (2022) Cutaneous leishmaniasis: a 2022 updated narrative review into diagnosis and management developments. Am J Clin Dermatol 23(6):823\u2013840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40257-022-00726-8","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"1187","key":"8581_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1093\/postmj\/qgae048","volume":"100","author":"NY Doni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Doni NY, An \u0130JPmj (2024) Geriatric cutaneous leishmaniasis: a retrospective analysis of 622 cases. Postgrad Med J 100(1187):666\u2013670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/postmj\/qgae048","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"8581_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6098149","volume":"2020","author":"H El Omari","year":"2020","unstructured":"El Omari H, Chahlaoui A, Talbi FZ, Mouhdi KE (2020) Impact of climatic factors on the seasonal fluctuation of leishmaniasis vectors in central Morocco (Meknes prefecture). Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 6098149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/6098149","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol"},{"key":"8581_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Flaih MH, Alwaily ER, Hafedh AA, Hussein KRJI (2024) chemotherapy Six-year study on cutaneous leishmaniasis in Al-Muthanna, Iraq: molecular identification using ITS1 gene sequencing. Infect Chemother 56(2):213 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3947\/ic.2023.0073","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2023.0073"},{"issue":"10","key":"8581_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008759","volume":"14","author":"RV Hu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hu RV et al (2020) Body location of new world cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions and its impact on the quality of life of patients in Suriname. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14(10):e0008759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008759","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"8581_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e247583","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.247583","volume":"83","author":"Ihsanullah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ihsanullah et al (2021) Prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the largest populated City Karachi, Pakistan. Brazilian J Biology 83:e247583. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1519-6984.247583","journal-title":"Brazilian J Biology"},{"key":"8581_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e249124","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.249124","volume":"84","author":"W Iqbal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Iqbal W et al (2022) Epidemiology and clinical features of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Brazilian J Biology 84:e249124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1519-6984.249124","journal-title":"Brazilian J Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"8581_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008988","volume":"15","author":"S K\u00e4mink","year":"2021","unstructured":"K\u00e4mink S et al (2021) Effectiveness of miltefosine in cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica in Pakistan after antimonial treatment failure or contraindications to first line therapy\u2014a retrospective analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15(1):e0008988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008988","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"8581_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000259","volume":"2","author":"M Kassi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kassi M, Kassi M, Afghan AK, Rehman R, Kasi PMJP (2008) Marring leishmaniasis: the stigmatization and the impact of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Pakistan and Afghanistan. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2(10):e259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000259","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"8581_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1515370","volume":"21","author":"B Kayani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kayani B et al (2021) Cutaneous leishmaniasis in pakistan: a neglected disease needing one health strategy. Front Veterinary Sci 21:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1515370","journal-title":"Front Veterinary Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"8581_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182020002413","volume":"148","author":"A Khan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khan A et al (2021) Epidemiological and pathological characteristics of cutaneous leishmaniasis from Baluchistan Province of Pakistan. Parasitology 148(5):591\u2013597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0031182020002413","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"1","key":"8581_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12893","volume":"69","author":"K Khan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khan K et al (2022) Characterization of sand fly breeding sites in district Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, and evaluation of risk factors for cutaneous leishmaniasis in the region. Zoonoses Public Health 69(1):33\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/zph.12893","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"8581_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.09.010","volume":"15","author":"FA Khattak","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khattak FA et al (2022) Analysis of associated risk factors among recurrent cutaneous leishmaniasis patients: a cross-sectional study in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. J Infect Public Health 15(11):1175\u20131179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.09.010","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"8581_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-024-00817-y","volume":"69","author":"RM Khazal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khazal RM, Flaih MH, Kadhim MK, Hussein KR (2024) Genetic diversity of Leishmania major isolated from different dermal lesions using ITS2 region. Acta Parasitol 69(1):831\u2013838. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11686-024-00817-y","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8581_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13822-1","volume":"7","author":"LK Koch","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koch LK, Kochmann J, Klimpel S, Cunze SJS (2017) Modeling the climatic suitability of leishmaniasis vector species in Europe. Sci Rep 7(1):13325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-13822-1","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"8581_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lu C, Ullah Z, Khan K, Shah SU, Jamal M, Khan NHJH (2024) Environmental and socio-demographic factors associated with cutaneous leishmaniasis in district Khyber, Pakistan; alarming spread of the disease to new foci. 10(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/JVBD.JVBD_63_22","DOI":"10.4103\/JVBD.JVBD_63_22"},{"key":"8581_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Malik Z (2023) Cutaneous leishmaniasis epidemiology in Quetta Pakistan Prevalence, Demographics, and implications for public. Pakistan\u2019s Multidiscip J Arts Sci 01\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.8396307.\u00a0","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.8396307"},{"issue":"4","key":"8581_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-023-10171-5","volume":"47","author":"E Montaner-Angoiti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Montaner-Angoiti E, Llobat LJVRC (2023) Is leishmaniasis the new emerging zoonosis in the world? Vet Res Commun 47(4):1777\u20131799. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11259-023-10171-5","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"issue":"9","key":"8581_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-024-08344-5","volume":"123","author":"S Naz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Naz S et al (2024) Genetic diversity and epidemiological insights into cutaneous leishmaniasis in Pakistan: a comprehensive study on clinical manifestations and molecular characterization of Leishmania species. Parasitol Res 123(9):320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-024-08344-5","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"8581_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.47750\/pnr.2022.13.S05.208","volume":"13","author":"S Nighat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nighat S et al (2022) Prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Muzaffargarh, Punjab, Pakistan. J Pharm Negat Results 13(5):1330\u20131335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47750\/pnr.2022.13.S05.208","journal-title":"J Pharm Negat Results"},{"key":"8581_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.08.031","volume":"164","author":"NA Qureshi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Qureshi NA, Ali A, Rashid U, Ali NJA (2016) Prevalence of leishmania tropica in school boys of Khyber agency, FATA near Pak-Afghan border. Acta Trop 164:90\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.08.031","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"8581_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-023-08025-9","volume":"123","author":"SB Rasheed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rasheed SB, Shah MZ, Jamal QJPR (2024) Molecular identification of leishmania tropica in mammals occurring in human-inhabited areas of a cutaneous leishmaniasis endemic focus in North-West Pakistan. Parasitol Res 123(1):5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-023-08025-9","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"8581_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104721","volume":"152","author":"S Sabzevari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sabzevari S, Teshnizi SH, Shokri A, Bahrami F, Kouhestani FJM (2021) Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 152:104721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104721","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"issue":"11","key":"8581_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0012675","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012675","volume":"18","author":"SC Senanayake","year":"2024","unstructured":"Senanayake SC, Liyanage P, Pathirage DR, Siraj MR, De Silva BNK, Karunaweera NDJPNTD (2024) Impact of climate and land use on the Temporal variability of sand fly density in Sri lanka: A 2-year longitudinal study. Neglected Trop Dis 18(11):e0012675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012675","journal-title":"Neglected Trop Dis"},{"key":"8581_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105434","volume":"206","author":"N Shaheen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shaheen N, Qureshi NA, Qureshi MZ, Fatima H, Afzal M, Alhewairini SSJA (2020) Molecular epidemiological survey of cutaneous leishmaniasis from Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Acta Trop 206:105434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105434","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"3","key":"8581_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.4103\/JVBD.JVBD_63_22","volume":"61","author":"AJJVBD Tr\u00e1jer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tr\u00e1jer AJJVBD (2024) The correspondence between the physiological cold tolerance and the distribution border of Mediterranean sandflies in Southeast Europe. J Vector Borne Dis 61(3):376\u2013388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/JVBD.JVBD_63_22","journal-title":"J Vector Borne Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"8581_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.10643560","volume":"5","author":"Z Ullah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ullah Z, Ullah S, Muhammad B, Khan J, Shah GJPsMJfA S (2024) Prevalence and risk factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in tehsil Muslim Bagh district Killa-Saifullah, Balochistan, Pakistan. Pakistan\u2019s multidisciplinary. J Arts Sci 5(1):26\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.10643560","journal-title":"J Arts Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"8581_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012409","volume":"18","author":"E Yizengaw","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yizengaw E et al (2024) Demographic characteristics and clinical features of patients presenting with different forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis, in Lay Gayint, Northern Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 18(8):e0012409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012409","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"8581_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105578","volume":"209","author":"I Zeb","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zeb I, Ali A, Nawab J, Khan MQ, Kamil A, Tsai K-H (2020) Cutaneous leishmaniasis in male schoolchildren in the upper and lower dir districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and a review of previous record in Pakistan. Acta Trop 209:105578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105578","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"8581_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Daoui O, Bennaid H, Kbaich MA, Mhaidi I, Aderdour N, Rhinane H, Bouhout S, Akarid K, Lemrani M (2022) Environmental, Climatic, and parasite molecular factors impacting the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to leishmania tropica in three Moroccan foci. Microorganisms 10(9): p.1712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms10091712","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10091712"},{"key":"8581_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kaya K, An I (2024). Clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of patients diagnosed with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Ann Med Res 30(4): 285-287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/annalsmedres.2023.12.338","DOI":"10.5455\/annalsmedres.2023.12.338"},{"key":"8581_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"El Alem MMM, Hakkour M, Hmamouch A, Halhali M, Delouane B, Habbari K, Fellah H, Sadak A, Sebti F (2018) Risk factors and prediction analysis of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania tropica in Southwestern Morocco. Infect Genet Evo 61: 84-91. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.03.017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.03.017"},{"key":"8581_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"da Silva LFA, Fajardo EF, Chang KP, Cl\u00e9ment P, Olivier M (2022) Leishmania exosomes\/extracellular vesicles containing GP63 are essential for enhance cutaneous leishmaniasis development upon co-inoculation of Leishmania amazonensis and its exosomes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 11: 709258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.709258","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.709258"},{"key":"8581_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eskandari SE, Memariani M, Memariani H, Mohebali M, Khamesipour A (2024) Molecular Diagnosis of Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Identification of the Causative Leishmania Species in Iran: A Narrative Review. Iran Biomed J 28(4): 148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.61186\/ibj.4239","DOI":"10.61186\/ibj.4239"},{"key":"8581_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Portuondo-Mallet LMDLC, Mollineda-Diogo N, Orozco-Morales R, Lorenzo-Ginori JV (2024). Detection and counting of Leishmania intracellular parasites in microscopy images. Front Med Technol 6: 1360280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmedt.2024.1360280","DOI":"10.3389\/fmedt.2024.1360280"},{"key":"8581_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ullah W, Yen TY, Niaz S, Nasreen N, Tsai YF, Rodriguez-Vivas RI, Khan A, Tsai KH (2023). Distribution and risk of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Trop Med Infect Dis 8(2): 128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed8020128","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8020128"},{"key":"8581_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brooker S, Mohammed N, Adil K, Agha S, Reithinger R, Rowland M, Ali I, Kolaczinski J (2004) Leishmaniasis in refugee and local Pakistani populations. Emerg Infect Dis 10(9):1681. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1009.040179","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1009.040179"},{"key":"8581_CR51","unstructured":"Tayyab A, Chaudhry JI, Hassan M, Sultan Asif K, Mukhtar Ahmed M (2013) Prevalence of ocular leishmaniasis in district Chakwal. J Ophthalmol 9(2): 84-93"}],"container-title":["Parasitology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00436-025-08581-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00436-025-08581-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00436-025-08581-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T02:29:13Z","timestamp":1764988153000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00436-025-08581-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["8581"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-025-08581-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0932-0113","1432-1955"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0932-0113","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1955","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"126"}}