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Nanoemulsion containing spiramycin and curcumin (NE-CS), spiramycin nanoemulsion (NE-Spi), and a nanoemulsion without the drug (NE) were prepared via spontaneous emulsification and characterized for particle size and zeta potential. Their in vitro activity was tested against tachyzoites of\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    , RH strain, at different concentrations (250, 125, 62.5, and 31.25\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml) and time points (30, 60, 90, and 120\u00a0min). In vivo, BALB\/c mice infected with RH and Tehran strains were treated with NE-CS (25\u00a0mg\/kg\/day curcumin\u2009+\u200950\u00a0mg\/kg\/day spiramycin), NE-Spi (50\u00a0mg\/kg\/day), S-Spi, and NE, with infected\/untreated mice as controls. Survival time, tachyzoite counts in peritoneal fluid (acute phase), and number and size of tissue cysts (chronic phase) were assessed microscopically. NE-CS significantly decreased the intracellular multiplication of\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    tachyzoites (5\u2009\u00b1\u20092.78\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) compared with that of the infected\/untreated group (3509\u2009\u00b1\u2009435.39\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Oral administration of NE-CS improved therapeutic outcomes in vivo, prolonged survival time in mice (13\u00a0days), reduced parasitemia, and decreased both the number (43\u2009\u00b1\u20095.78) and size (4\u2009\u00b1\u20091.11\u00a0\u00b5m) of brain cysts compared to the infected\/untreated group (380\u2009\u00b1\u200917.22 and 112.8\u2009\u00b1\u20098.28\u00a0\u00b5m, respectively). This study demonstrated the in vitro efficiency of nanoemulsion co-delivery of curcumin and spiramycin for increasing tachyzoite death, and indicated the possibility of NE-CS and NE-Spi for treating acute and chronic toxoplasmosis in murine models. However, further investigations are needed to confirm their safety and effectiveness across broader models.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphical abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-025-08588-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T20:47:36Z","timestamp":1764708456000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Co-delivery of spiramycin and curcumin nanoemulsions for treating acute (RH strain) and chronic (Tehran strain) toxoplasmosis in BALB\/c mice"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Saeideh","family":"Hashemi-Hafshejani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Amani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanaz Jafarpour","family":"Azami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hossein Keshavarz","family":"Valian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Mohebali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Rampisheh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saeedeh","family":"Shojaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"8588_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-024-08280-4","volume":"123","author":"AA Abdel-Wahab","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abdel-Wahab AA, Selim SM, Sharaf SA, Mohsen KK, Allam DM, Elkhadry SW, Gouda MA (2024) Spiramycin-loaded maltodextrin nanoparticles as a promising treatment of toxoplasmosis on murine model. 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