{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T17:09:10Z","timestamp":1792516150173,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitol Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) remains a significant public health challenge in endemic regions, particularly where access to safe and patient-friendly treatments is limited. Amphotericin B (AmB), although highly active against\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    , is restricted by systemic toxicity and the need for parenteral administration. In this study, AmB-loaded bioactive nanofibrous patches were fabricated using a dual-nozzle electrospinning method incorporating chitosan, gelatin, and polyvinyl alcohol. The resulting nanofibers were structurally characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Drug loading was uniform, and in vitro release demonstrated a sustained profile with approximately 82% cumulative release at 72\u00a0h. Cytocompatibility was confirmed in human dermal fibroblasts and THP-1 cells. The therapeutic performance was further assessed in BALB\/c mice using short- and long-term treatment protocols. AmB-loaded patches produced a significant reduction in lesion size compared with untreated and placebo groups, and the treatment outcome was comparable to Glucantime\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    (Day 21) and SinaAmpholeish\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    (Day 63). No local irritation or observable systemic toxicity was noted. Overall, these findings indicate that nanofiber-mediated topical delivery of AmB provides a promising localized treatment approach for CL and warrants further investigation in translational and clinical studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-025-08605-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T13:34:44Z","timestamp":1765460084000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Nanofibrous patches for targeted therapy of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major: a preclinical amphotericin B platform"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Mahya","family":"Allahmoradi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Mohebali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamed","family":"Mirjalali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Adabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahimeh Firouzjaei","family":"Karder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Mahdi","family":"Rezayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbas Rahimi","family":"Foroushani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyyedeh Elaheh","family":"Mousavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elham","family":"Kazemirad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"8605_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.18502\/ijpa.v18i4.14241","volume":"18","author":"Z Alizadeh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alizadeh Z, Shirzadi MR, Hassanpour GR, Keshavarz H, Mohebali F, Eskandari SE, Zeinali M, Shirmohammad S, Mohebali M (2023) Field efficacy of topical nano-liposomal amphotericin B (Sina Ampholeish\u00ae) alone or in combination with Glucantime\u00ae and cryotherapy on human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Iran J Parasitol 18:419\u2013426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/ijpa.v18i4.14241","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol"},{"key":"8605_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120911","volume":"606","author":"Q Asgari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Asgari Q, Alishahi M, Davani F, Caravan D, Khorram M, Enjavi Y, Barzegar S, Esfandiari F, Zomorodian K (2021) Fabrication of amphotericin B-loaded electrospun core\u2013shell nanofibers as a novel dressing for superficial mycoses and cutaneous leishmaniasis. Int J Pharm 606:120911. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120911","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"8605_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2007.06.010","volume":"71","author":"J Blazek","year":"2008","unstructured":"Blazek J, Copeland L (2008) Pasting and swelling properties of wheat flour and starch in relation to amylose content. Carbohydr Polym 71:380\u2013387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbpol.2007.06.010","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"8605_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.1.111-126.2006","volume":"19","author":"SL Croft","year":"2006","unstructured":"Croft SL, Sundar S, Fairlamb AH (2006) Drug resistance in leishmaniasis. Clin Microbiol Rev 19:111\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.19.1.111-126.2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"8605_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2022.103622","volume":"75","author":"ES De Santana","year":"2022","unstructured":"De Santana ES, Belmiro VBS, Siqueira LB, Nascimento T, Santos-Oliveira R, Santos Matos AP, Ricci-Junior E (2022) Nanotechnology as an alternative to improve the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis: a systematic review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 75:103622","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv Sci Technol"},{"key":"8605_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0291321","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0291321","volume":"18","author":"A Derakhshani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Derakhshani A, Sharifi I, Salarkia E, Keyhani A, Agha Kuchak Afshari S, Iranmanesh B, Lashkarizadeh M, Nejad Biglari H, Lari Najafi M, Bamorovat M (2023) Antileishmanial potentials of Azacitidine and along with Meglumine antimoniate on leishmania major: in silico prediction and in vitro analysis. PLoS One 18:e0291321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0291321","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"8605_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.18502\/ijpa.v14i2.1130","volume":"14","author":"SE Eskandari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eskandari SE, Firooz A, Nassiri-Kashani M, Jaafari MR, Javadi A, Mohammadi AM, Khamesipour A (2019) Safety evaluation of topical nano-liposomal amphotericin B (SinaAmpholeish) on healthy volunteers: phase I clinical trial. Iran J Parasitol 14:197\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/ijpa.v14i2.1130","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol"},{"key":"8605_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0012156","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012156","volume":"18","author":"OL Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez OL, Rosales-Chilama M, S\u00e1nchez-Hidalgo A et al (2024) Natural resistance to Meglumine antimoniate is associated with treatment failure in cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania (Viannia) Panamensis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 18:e0012156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012156","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"8605_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2019.1704214","volume":"32","author":"A Firooz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Firooz A, Mortazavi H, Khamesipour A et al (2021) Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran: clinical variants and treatments. J Dermatolog Treat 32:673\u2013683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09546634.2019.1704214","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat"},{"key":"8605_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005067.pub3","volume":"4","author":"U Gonzalez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gonzalez U, Pinart M, Reveiz L, Alvar J (2008) Interventions for old world cutaneous leishmaniasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4:CD005067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD005067.pub3","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"8605_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-022-00291-5","volume":"26","author":"JG Hodge","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hodge JG, Zamierowski DS, Robinson JL, Mellott AJ (2022) Evaluating polymeric biomaterials to improve next-generation wound dressing design. Biomater Res 26:50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40824-022-00291-5","journal-title":"Biomater Res"},{"key":"8605_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.26719\/emhj.22.070","volume":"28","author":"A Khamesipour","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khamesipour A, Mohammadi A, Jaafari M et al (2022) Pilot study of safety and efficacy of topical liposomal amphotericin B for cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania major. East Mediterr Health J 28:658\u2013663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26719\/emhj.22.070","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"8605_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.06.008","volume":"130","author":"K Kristensen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kristensen K, M\u00fcnter R, Kempen PJ et al (2021) Isolation methods commonly used to study the liposomal protein corona suffer from contamination issues. Acta Biomater 130:460\u2013472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.06.008","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"8605_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656523","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/656523","volume":"2011","author":"P Layegh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Layegh P, Rajabi O, Jafari MR et al (2011) Efficacy of topical liposomal amphotericin B versus intralesional Meglumine antimoniate in cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Parasitol Res 2011:656523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2011\/656523","journal-title":"J Parasitol Res"},{"key":"8605_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.18502\/jad.v17i4.15294","volume":"17","author":"M Mahmoudi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mahmoudi M, Mehravi B, Shabani M et al (2023) Anti-leishmanial effects of novel biocompatible non-invasive nanofibers containing Royal jelly and propolis against leishmania major. J Arthropod Borne Dis 17:299\u2013308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/jad.v17i4.15294","journal-title":"J Arthropod Borne Dis"},{"key":"8605_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3129","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2018-0063","volume":"13","author":"TZ Mehrizi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mehrizi TZ, Ardestani MS, Molla Hoseini MH, Khamesipour A, Mosaffa N, Ramezani A (2018) Novel nano-sized chitosan amphotericin B formulation with improvement against leishmania major. Nanomedicine 13:3129\u20133147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/nnm-2018-0063","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"8605_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.141847","volume":"307","author":"F Mohebali","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mohebali F, Aghabarari B, Vaezi MR et al (2025) Biomacromolecule Chitosan carrying Meglumine antimoniate coated on a silver\/polyurethane nanocomposite as a wound dressing. Int J Biol Macromol 307:141847. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.141847","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"8605_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13100835","volume":"13","author":"MJ Moncada-Diaz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moncada-Diaz MJ, Rodr\u00edguez-Almonacid CC, Quiceno-Giraldo E et al (2024) Molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in leishmania spp. Pathogens 13:835. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13100835","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"8605_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-013-0132-1","volume":"73","author":"B Monge-Maillo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Monge-Maillo B, L\u00f3pez-V\u00e9lez R (2013) Therapeutic options for old and new world cutaneous leishmaniasis. Drugs 73:1889\u20131920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40265-013-0132-1","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"8605_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.21577\/0103-5053.20190256","volume":"31","author":"MB Montenegro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Montenegro MB, Souza SP, Le\u00e3o RA et al (2020) Method development and validation of amphotericin B stability by HPLC-DAD. J Braz Chem Soc 31:916\u2013926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21577\/0103-5053.20190256","journal-title":"J Braz Chem Soc"},{"key":"8605_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.2174\/157341311798220628","volume":"7","author":"S Nanda","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nanda S, Mishra NC (2011) Amphotericin B-loaded natural biodegradable nanofibers as a potential drug delivery system against leishmaniasis. Curr Nanosci 7:943\u2013949. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/157341311798220628","journal-title":"Curr Nanosci"},{"key":"8605_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0009734","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009734","volume":"15","author":"C Oliveira-Ribeiro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oliveira-Ribeiro C, Pimentel MIF, Oliveira LF et al (2021) Intralesional versus intramuscular Meglumine antimoniate in cutaneous leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15:e0009734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009734","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"8605_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-0901-z","volume":"102","author":"G Pujals","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pujals G, Su\u00f1\u00e9-Negre J, P\u00e9rez P et al (2008) In vitro evaluation of Meglumine antimoniate microspheres against leishmania infantum. Parasitol Res 102:1243\u20131247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-008-0901-z","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"8605_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.18502\/jad.v15i2.7483","volume":"15","author":"MR Razavi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Razavi MR, Shirzadi MR, Mohebali M et al (2021) Human cutaneous leishmaniosis in Iran up to 2019. J Arthropod Borne Dis 15:143\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/jad.v15i2.7483","journal-title":"J Arthropod Borne Dis"},{"key":"8605_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25174002","volume":"25","author":"A Riezk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Riezk A, Van Bocxlaer K, Yardley V, Murdan S, Croft SL (2020) Activity of amphotericin B-loaded chitosan nanoparticles against cutaneous leishmaniasis. Molecules 25:4002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25174002","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"8605_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8965","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-020-10856-w","volume":"104","author":"BM Roatt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roatt BM, Cardoso JMO, De Brito RCF et al (2020) Recent advances and new strategies on leishmaniasis treatment. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 104:8965\u20138977. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-020-10856-w","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"8605_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0012765","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012765","volume":"19","author":"M Saberi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Saberi M, Latifi A, Golkar M et al (2025) Contribution of epidermal growth factor in treating cutaneous leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 19:e0012765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012765","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"8605_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-021-07139-2","volume":"120","author":"S Sasidharan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sasidharan S, Saudagar P (2021) Leishmaniasis: where are we and where are we heading? Parasitol Res 120:1541\u20131554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-021-07139-2","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"8605_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00208","volume":"9","author":"DB Scariot","year":"2019","unstructured":"Scariot DB, Volpato H, Fernandes NS et al (2019) Activity and cell-death pathway induced by sugiol in leishmania infantum. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 9:208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00208","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"8605_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00067","volume":"4","author":"S Schuster","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schuster S, Hartley M-A, Tacchini-Cottier F, Ronet C (2014) A scoring method to standardize lesion monitoring following intradermal infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 4:67. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00067","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"8605_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091709","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1091709","volume":"11","author":"I Sharifi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sharifi I, Khosravi A, Aflatoonian MR et al (2023) Cutaneous leishmaniasis situation analysis in Iran. Front Public Health 11:1091709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1091709","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"8605_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2147\/RRTM.S200218","volume":"10","author":"MR Shirzadi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shirzadi MR (2019) Liposomal amphotericin B: properties and use in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Res Rep Trop Med 10:11\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/RRTM.S200218","journal-title":"Res Rep Trop Med"},{"key":"8605_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.01.011","volume":"29","author":"TJ Sill","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sill TJ, Von Recum HA (2008) Electrospinning: applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering. Biomaterials 29:1989\u20132006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.01.011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"8605_CR34","first-page":"158","volume":"35","author":"N Sultan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sultan N, Sher A, Ejaz NUS, Ahmad T (2025) Glucantime-resistant cutaneous leishmaniasis: a case report. J Pak Assoc Dermatol 35:158\u2013161","journal-title":"J Pak Assoc Dermatol"},{"key":"8605_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/21678707.2019.1552853","volume":"7","author":"S Sundar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sundar S, Chakravarty J, Meena LP (2019) Leishmaniasis: treatment, drug resistance and emerging therapies. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 7:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21678707.2019.1552853","journal-title":"Expert Opin Orphan Drugs"},{"key":"8605_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28.24.1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142727.mb2804s106","volume":"106","author":"CC Uphoff","year":"2014","unstructured":"Uphoff CC, Drexler HG (2014) Detection of Mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures. Curr Protoc Mol Biol 106:28.24.1-28.24.14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/0471142727.mb2804s106","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Mol Biol"},{"key":"8605_CR37","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1990) Control of the leishmaniases. WHO Technical Report Series No. 793. World Health Organization, Geneva. Available at: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/38642. Accessed 8 Nov 2025"},{"key":"8605_CR38","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023) Cutaneous leishmaniasis \u2013 Key facts. World Health Organization, Geneva. Available at: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/leishmaniasis. Accessed 29 Jan 2025"},{"key":"8605_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5298","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00593","volume":"119","author":"J Xue","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xue J, Wu T, Dai Y, Xia Y (2019) Electrospinning and electrospun nanofibers: methods and applications. Chem Rev 119:5298\u20135415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00593","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"8605_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2025.e00413","volume":"28","author":"F Zarrinkar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zarrinkar F, Sharifi I, Oliaee RT et al (2025) Identification of antimony resistance markers in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Parasite Epidemiol Control 28:e00413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parepi.2025.e00413","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiol Control"}],"container-title":["Parasitology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00436-025-08605-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00436-025-08605-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00436-025-08605-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T20:02:24Z","timestamp":1767988944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00436-025-08605-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8605"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-025-08605-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0932-0113","1432-1955"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0932-0113","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1955","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All experimental protocols involving BALB\/c mice were approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran (approval code: IR.TUMS.AEC.1401.043, issued on 13 June 2023). All procedures were conducted in accordance with national and institutional guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals and the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"160"}}