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Discovered in 1681,\n                    <jats:italic>G. duodenalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is probably the first protozoan parasite ever observed by a human. Despite the early discovery, the taxonomic status of the protozoan remained uncertain for a long time. The reason for this is that\n                    <jats:italic>G. duodenalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a species complex comprising several phylogenetically distinct genotypes termed assemblages. Initially, it was thought that\n                    <jats:italic>G. duodenalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a primitive eukaryote because it lacks many subcellular organelles. However, recent research has shown that the protozoan has diverged from higher eukaryotes and that the lack of subcellular organelles is due to secondary loss and reduction. Based on paleoparasitological findings,\n                    <jats:italic>G. duodenalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    has parasitised humans since antiquity and has probably been spread globally by human migratory activity. Interestingly, it was not until 1987 that the pathogenicity of\n                    <jats:italic>G. duodenalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    was demonstrated for humans. Giardiasis is still a public health problem in the 21st century, particularly in young children living in areas with low hygiene standards.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-025-08607-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T06:35:15Z","timestamp":1765348515000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The history of giardiasis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"124","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0050-7771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dietmar","family":"Steverding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"8607_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.105215","volume":"162","author":"SH Abedi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abedi SH, Fazlzadeh A, Mollalo A, Sartip B, Mahjour S, Bahadory S, Taghipour A, Rostami A (2022) The neglected role of Blastocystis sp. and Giardia lamblia in development of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 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