{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:34:34Z","timestamp":1792114474728,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitol Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-025-08617-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T02:23:04Z","timestamp":1768270984000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Multidrug-resistant Acanthamoeba keratitis caused by the T4 Genotype: A case report"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"Mehrnaz","family":"Atighehchian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Latifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elham","family":"Kazemirad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Kasiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehran","family":"Zarei-Ghanavati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"8617_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abu Dail Y, Flockerzi E, Szentm\u00e1ry N, Seitz B, Daas L (2025) Acanthamoeba Keratitis: What is the Best Time for Keratoplasty in Patients with Resistance to Conservative Therapy? Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 242(6):629\u2013635. English, German.","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2558-8878"},{"issue":"2","key":"8617_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.07.038","volume":"114","author":"ST Awwad","year":"2007","unstructured":"Awwad ST, Heilman M, Hogan RN, Parmar DN, Petroll WM, McCulley JP, Cavanagh HD (2007) Severe reactive ischemic posterior segment inflammation in acanthamoeba keratitis: a new potentially blinding syndrome. Ophthalmology 114(2):313\u2013320","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"8617_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.08.004","volume":"149","author":"S Bang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bang S, Edell E, Eghrari AO, Gottsch JD (2010) Treatment with voriconazole in 3 eyes with resistant Acanthamoeba keratitis. Am J Ophthalmol 149(1):66\u201369","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"8617_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Booton GC, Joslin CE, Shoff M, et al (2009) Genotypic identification of Acanthamoeba sp. isolates associated with an outbreak of acanthamoeba keratitis. Cornea. 28:673\u2013 676. 4.","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31819342a7"},{"key":"8617_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brondfield MN, Reid MJ, Rutishauser RL, Cope JR, Tang J, Ritter JM, Matanock A, Ali I, Doernberg SB, Hilts-Horeczko A, DeMarco T, Klein L, Babik JM (2017) Disseminated Acanthamoeba infection in a heart transplant recipient treated successfully with a miltefosine-containing regimen: Case report and review of the literature. Transpl Infect Dis. 19(2):https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tid.12661.","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12661"},{"issue":"5","key":"8617_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.020","volume":"123","author":"N Carnt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carnt N, Robaei D, Watson SL, Minassian DC, Dart JK (2016) The Impact of Topical Corticosteroids Used in Conjunction with Antiamoebic Therapy on the Outcome of Acanthamoeba Keratitis. Ophthalmology 123(5):984\u2013990","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"8617_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dart JKG, Papa V, Rama P, Knutsson KA, Ahmad S, Hau S, Sanchez S, Franch A, Birattari F, Leon P, Fasolo A, Kominek EM, Jadczyk-Sorek K, Carley F, Hossain P, Minassian DC (2024) The Orphan Drug for Acanthamoeba Keratitis (ODAK) Trial: PHMB 0.08% (Polihexanide) and Placebo versus PHMB 0.02% and Propamidine 0.1. Ophthalmol. 131(3):277\u2013287.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2023.09.031"},{"issue":"3","key":"8617_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002880","volume":"41","author":"A Di Zazzo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Di Zazzo A, Varacalli G, De Gregorio C, Coassin M, Bonini S (2022) Therapeutic Corneal Transplantation in Acanthamoeba Keratitis: Penetrating Versus Lamellar Keratoplasty. Cornea 41(3):396\u2013401","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"Pt 6","key":"8617_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1990.132","volume":"4","author":"L Ficker","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ficker L, Seal D, Warhurst D, Wright P (1990) Acanthamoeba keratitis\u2013resistance to medical therapy. Eye (Lond) 4(Pt 6):835\u2013838","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"5","key":"8617_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2018.05.001","volume":"67","author":"MA Hasby Saad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hasby Saad MA, Khalil HSM (2018) Biofilm testing of microbiota: An essential step during corneal scrap examination in Egyptian acanthamoebic keratitis cases. Parasitol Int 67(5):556\u2013564","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"issue":"16","key":"8617_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2019.100555","volume":"19","author":"KE Hirabayashi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hirabayashi KE, Lin CC, Ta CN (2019) Oral miltefosine for refractory Acanthamoeba keratitis. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 19(16):100555","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"8617_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0b013e3181da2350","volume":"36","author":"A Iovieno","year":"2010","unstructured":"Iovieno A, Oechsler RA, Ledee DR, Miller D, Alfonso EC (2010) Drug-resistant severe Acanthamoeba keratitis caused by rare T5 Acanthamoeba genotype. Eye Contact Lens 36(3):183\u2013184","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"issue":"5","key":"8617_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.12.029","volume":"116","author":"AS Kitzmann","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kitzmann AS, Goins KM, Sutphin JE, Wagoner MD (2009) Keratoplasty for treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis. Ophthalmology 116(5):864\u2013869","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"8617_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2015010","volume":"22","author":"J Lorenzo-Morales","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lorenzo-Morales J, Khan NA, Walochnik J (2015) An update on Acanthamoeba keratitis: diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment. Parasite 22:10","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"issue":"1","key":"8617_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s00717-017-0334-0","volume":"31","author":"C Palme","year":"2017","unstructured":"Palme C, Steger B, Haas G, Teuchner B, Bechrakis NE (2017) Severe reactive ischemic posterior segment inflammation in Acanthamoeba keratitis: Case report of a patient with Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. Spektrum Augenheilkd 31(1):10\u201313","journal-title":"Spektrum Augenheilkd"},{"issue":"4","key":"8617_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.4103\/IJO.IJO_2627_23","volume":"72","author":"A Raghavan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Raghavan A, Rammohan R (2024) Acanthamoeba keratitis - A review. Indian J Ophthalmol 72(4):473\u2013482","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"8617_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-022-01857-0","volume":"50","author":"S Sanchez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sanchez S, Faraj LA, Wajnsztajn D, Dart JKG, Milligan AL (2022) Acanthamoeba more commonly causes epithelial keratitis than herpes simplex in South-East England contact lens users. Infection 50(6):1619\u20131622","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"3","key":"8617_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06997-6","volume":"120","author":"M Soleimani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Soleimani M, Latifi A, Momenaei B, Tayebi F, Mohammadi SS, Ghahvehchian H (2021) Management of refractory Acanthamoeba keratitis, two cases. Parasitol Res 120(3):1121\u20131124","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"8617_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.09.048","volume":"223","author":"P Thulasi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thulasi P, Saeed HN, Rapuano CJ, Hou JH, Appenheimer AB, Chodosh J, Kang JJ, Morrill AM, Vyas N, Zegans ME, Zuckerman R, Tu EY (2021) Oral Miltefosine as Salvage Therapy for Refractory Acanthamoeba Keratitis. Am J Ophthalmol 223:75\u201382","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8617_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672120973606","volume":"32","author":"KA Wouters","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wouters KA, Verhoekx JS, van Rooij J, Wubbels R, van Goor AT (2022) Topical corticosteroids in Acanthamoeba keratitis: Friend or foe? Eur J Ophthalmol 32(1):170\u2013175","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"8617_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-025-08524-x","volume":"124","author":"J Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu J, Xia X, Liu Z (2025) Integrated diagnosis and successful treatment of imported old world cutaneous leishmaniasis with intralesional sodium stibogluconate in china: a case report. Parasitol Res 124(7):75","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"}],"container-title":["Parasitology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00436-025-08617-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00436-025-08617-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00436-025-08617-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T22:19:26Z","timestamp":1768342766000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00436-025-08617-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8617"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-025-08617-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0932-0113","1432-1955"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0932-0113","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1955","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable (case report).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial number"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}],"article-number":"7"}}