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This study analyzed the structure of ectoparasite communities in wild carnivores and rodents in central Chihuahua, Mexico, considering biological variables of the hosts (species and sex) and environmental factors such as temperature in one year cycle. A total of 745 ectoparasites were collected, including 738 fleas (seven species, two families), four lice (two species), and one tick species. Seasonal variation and host family significantly influenced the presence and frequency of ectoparasites. Flea species clustered by host group: Pulicidae predominated in carnivores, with\n                    <jats:italic>Pulex simulans<\/jats:italic>\n                    being the most abundant species during winter, while Ceratophyllidae dominated in rodents, with\n                    <jats:italic>Malaraeus eremicus<\/jats:italic>\n                    as the most abundant flea in autumn-winter and\n                    <jats:italic>Jellisonia<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. nva. in spring-summer. No significant interspecific interactions were observed among flea species. In rodents, no significant relationship was found between the rodent\u2019s sex and the presence of fleas. In northern Mexico, studies on the composition and interactions of ectoparasite communities in wild mammals and their seasonal structuring are scarce. This research provides new records of ectoparasite-host interactions in the state of Chihuahua, Mexico, and updates current knowledge on how biological and climatic factors influence ectoparasite community behavior. These findings offer valuable insights for biology, public health, and species conservation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-026-08640-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T06:45:08Z","timestamp":1771051508000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biological and environmental determinants in the structuring of ectoparasites in wild carnivores and rodents in central Chihuahua, Mexico"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"125","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2681-7727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar F.","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Urbina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2108-0447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roxana","family":"Acosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3949-5234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas A.","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5158-3355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalie S.","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Quiroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1654-8930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guadalupe Nelson","family":"Aguilar-Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"8640_CR1","first-page":"37","volume":"44","author":"R Acosta","year":"2005","unstructured":"Acosta R (2005) Relaci\u00f3n hu\u00e9sped-par\u00e1sito En Pulgas (Insecta: Siphonaptera) y Roedores (Mammalia: Rodentia) Del Estado de Quer\u00e9taro, M\u00e9xico. 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Capture, handling, and restraint techniques followed the guidelines established by the American Society of Mammologists.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Animal handling protocols were approved by the Institution welfare and ethics committee, handling was supervised by a trained veterinarian and followed the management guidelines of the American Society of Mammologists (Sikes et al. 2016), and the collection of mammals was conducted under Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources in Mexico permit (SEMARNAT; No. SGPA\/DGVS\/05815\/22).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"24"}}