{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T06:16:20Z","timestamp":1783491380217,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":68,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022735","name":"International Fund for Houbara Conservation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitol Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-026-08667-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:04:07Z","timestamp":1777665847000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Avian haemosporidian parasites in the African houbara: Species diversity and impact on blood parameters"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"Henrique","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiba Abi","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Hoareau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9-Francisco","family":"Lima-Barbero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00eda","family":"S\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chlo\u00e9 Warret","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana P\u00e9rez","family":"de Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar Carrasco","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ursula","family":"H\u00f6fle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"8667_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-048X.2011.05281.x","volume":"42","author":"M Asghar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Asghar M, Hasselquist D, Bensch S (2011) Are chronic avian haemosporidian infections costly in wild birds? J Avian Biol 42(6):530\u2013537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-048X.2011.05281.x","journal-title":"J Avian Biol"},{"key":"8667_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1261121","volume":"347","author":"M Asghar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Asghar M, Hasselquist D, Hansson B, Zehtindjiev P, Westerdahl H, Bensch S (2015) Hidden costs of infection: chronic malaria accelerates telomere degradation and senescence in wild birds. Science 347:436\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1261121","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"8667_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Atkinson CT (2008) Avian malaria. Parasitic Dis wild birds 35\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9780813804620","DOI":"10.1002\/9780813804620"},{"key":"8667_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atkinson CT, Forrester DJ, Greiner EC (1988) Pathogenicity of Haemoproteus meleagridis (Haemosporina: Haemoproteidae) in experimentally infected domestic turkeys. J Parasitol 228\u2013239","DOI":"10.2307\/3282448"},{"key":"8667_CR5","unstructured":"Ballou JD (1993) Assessing the risks of infectious diseases in captive breeding and reintroduction programs. J Zoo Wildl Med 327\u2013335"},{"key":"8667_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0993-0","volume":"8","author":"JA Bell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bell JA, Weckstein JD, Fecchio A, Tkach VV (2015) A new real-time PCR protocol for detection of avian haemosporidians. Parasit Vectors 8:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-015-0993-0","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"8667_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bensch S, Waldenstr\u00f6m J, Jonz\u00e1n N, Westerdahl H, Hansson B, Sejberg D, Hasselquist D (2007) Temporal dynamics and diversity of avian malaria parasites in a single host species. J Anim Ecol 112\u2013122. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4125100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2006.01176.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"8667_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2009.02692.x","volume":"9","author":"S Bensch","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bensch S, Hellgren O, P\u00e9rez-Tris J (2009) MalAvi: a public database of malaria parasites and related haemosporidians in avian hosts based on mitochondrial cytochrome b lineages. Mol Ecol Resour 9(5):1353\u20131358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2009.02692.x","journal-title":"Mol Ecol Resour"},{"key":"8667_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"BirdLife International (2023) Chlamydotis undulata. IUCN Red List Threatened Species 2023(eT22728245A208501099). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.20231.RLTS.T22728245A208501099.en. Accessed on 04 April 2025","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.UK.20231.RLTS.T22728245A208501099.en"},{"key":"8667_CR10","unstructured":"Bolker B (2016) Getting started with the glmmTMB package. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. software"},{"key":"8667_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110038","volume":"191","author":"S Brugueras","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brugueras S, Fern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00ednez B, Mart\u00ednez-de la Puente J, Figuerola J, Porro TM, Rius C, Larrauri A, G\u00f3mez-Barroso D (2020) Environmental drivers, climate change and emergent diseases transmitted by mosquitoes and their vectors in southern Europe: a systematic review. Environ Res 191:110038. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110038","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"8667_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2017.0196","author":"SE Bush","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bush SE, Clayton DH (2018) Anti-parasite behaviour of birds. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2017.0196","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"8667_CR13","unstructured":"Campbell TW (1994) Hematology. In: Ritchie BW, Harrison GJ, Harrison LR (eds) Avian Medicine: Principles and Application. Wingers Publishing, Lake Worth, FL, pp 176\u2013198"},{"issue":"1","key":"8667_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"xi","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2014.09.013","volume":"18","author":"TW Campbell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Campbell TW (2015) Exotic animal hematology. Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Anim Pract 18(1):xi\u2013xii. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvex.2014.09.013","journal-title":"Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Anim Pract"},{"key":"8667_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1729-8","volume":"16","author":"CRF Chagas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chagas CRF, Valki\u016bnas G, de Oliveira Guimar\u00e3es L, Monteiro EF, Guida FJV, Sim\u00f5es RF, Rodrigues PT, Luna EJA, Kirchgatter K (2017) Diversity and distribution of avian malaria and related haemosporidian parasites in captive birds from a Brazilian megalopolis. Malar J 16:1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-017-1729-8","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"6","key":"8667_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1890\/ES11-00088.1","volume":"2","author":"LF Chaves","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chaves LF, Hamer GL, Walker ED, Brown WM, Ruiz MO, Kitron UD (2011) Climatic variability and landscape heterogeneity impact urban mosquito diversity and vector abundance and infection. Ecosphere 2(6):1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1890\/ES11-00088.1","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"8667_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-6153-7","volume":"118","author":"A Ciloglu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ciloglu A, Ellis VA, Bernotien\u0117 R, Valki\u016bnas G, Bensch S (2018) A new one-step multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection and identification of avian haemosporidian parasites. Parasitol Res 118:191\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-018-6153-7","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"8667_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12113","volume":"83","author":"S Cornet","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cornet S, Bichet C, Larcombe S, Faivre B, Sorci G (2014) Impact of host nutritional status on infection dynamics and parasite virulence in a bird-malaria system. J Anim Ecol 83(1):256\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1365-2656.12113","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"8667_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870802000307","volume":"20","author":"TA Donovan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Donovan TA, Schrenzel M, Tucker TA, Pessier AP, Stalis IH (2008) Hepatic hemorrhage, hemocoelom, and sudden death due to Haemoproteus infection in passerine birds: eleven cases. J Vet Diagn Invest 20(3):304\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/104063870802000307","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"issue":"8","key":"8667_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13751","volume":"91","author":"D Erazo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Erazo D, Pedersen AB, Fenton A (2022) The predicted impact of resource provisioning on the epidemiological responses of different parasites. J Anim Ecol 91(8):1719\u20131730. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1365-2656.13751","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"key":"8667_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ewen JG, Acevedo-Whitehouse K, Alley MR, Carraro C, Sainsbury AW, Swinnerton K, Woodroffe R (2012) Empirical consideration of parasites and health in reintroduction. Reintroduction biology: integrating Sci Manage 290(33). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781444355833","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444355833"},{"issue":"3","key":"8667_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12805","volume":"87","author":"M Ferraguti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ferraguti M, Mart\u00ednez-de la Puente J, Bensch S, Roiz D, Ruiz S, Viana DS, Soriguer RC, Figuerola J (2018) Ecological determinants of avian malaria infections: an integrative analysis at landscape, mosquito and vertebrate community levels. J Anim Ecol 87(3):727\u2013740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1365-2656.12805","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"key":"8667_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jav.02118","author":"K Fletcher","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fletcher K, Tr\u00e4ff J, Gustafsson L (2019) Importance of infection of haemosporidia blood parasites during different life history stages for long-term reproductive fitness of collared flycatchers. J Avian Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jav.02118","journal-title":"J Avian Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"8667_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-4571.2008.00036.x","volume":"1","author":"DJ Fraser","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fraser DJ (2008) How well can captive breeding programs conserve biodiversity? A review of salmonids. Evol Appl 1(4):535\u2013586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1752-4571.2008.00036.x","journal-title":"Evol Appl"},{"issue":"7","key":"8667_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15020","volume":"28","author":"L Gangoso","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gangoso L, Guti\u00e9rrez-L\u00f3pez R, Mart\u00ednez\u2010de la Puente J, Figuerola J (2019) Louse flies of Eleonora\u2019s falcons that also feed on their prey are evolutionary dead\u2010end hosts for blood parasites. Mol Ecol 28(7):1812\u20131825. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mec.15020","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"8667_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1676\/16-060.1","volume":"129","author":"C Granthon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Granthon C, Williams DA (2017) Avian malaria, body condition, and blood parameters in four species of songbirds. Wilson J Ornithol 129(3):492\u2013508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1676\/16-060.1","journal-title":"Wilson J Ornithol"},{"issue":"6","key":"8667_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2332.1","volume":"97","author":"EC Greiner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Greiner EC, Fedynich AM, Webb SL, DeVault TL, Rhodes JO (2011) Hematozoa and a new haemoproteid species from Cathartidae (New World Vulture) in South Carolina. J Parasitol 97(6):1137\u20131139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/GE-2332.1","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"issue":"5","key":"8667_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/acv.12196","volume":"18","author":"LA Hardouin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hardouin LA, Hingrat Y, Nevoux M, Lacroix F, Robert A (2015) Survival and movement of translocated houbara bustards in a mixed conservation area. Anim Conserv 18(5):461\u2013470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acv.12196","journal-title":"Anim Conserv"},{"key":"8667_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartig F (2016) DHARMa: residual diagnostics for hierarchical (multi-level\/mixed) regression models. CRAN: Contributed Packages","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.DHARMa"},{"issue":"1781","key":"8667_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0054","volume":"374","author":"J Herrera","year":"2019","unstructured":"Herrera J, Nunn CL (2019) Behavioural ecology and infectious disease: implications for conservation of biodiversity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 374(1781):20180054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2018.0054","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"8667_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2307\/3285407","volume":"88","author":"SI Jarvi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jarvi SI, Schultz JJ, Atkinson CT (2002) PCR diagnostics underestimate the prevalence of avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) in experimentally-infected passerines. J Parasitol 88(1):153\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3285407","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"issue":"5","key":"8667_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1645\/12-147.1","volume":"99","author":"MR Jones","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jones MR, Cheviron ZA, Carling MD (2013) Spatial patterns of avian malaria prevalence in Zonotrichia capensis on the western slope of the Peruvian Andes. J Parasitol 99(5):903\u2013905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/12-147.1","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"8667_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.11.2791-2794.1996","volume":"34","author":"PJ Krause","year":"1996","unstructured":"Krause PJ, Telford S, Spielman A, Ryan R, Magera J, Rajan TV, Christianson D, Alberghini TV, Bow L, Persing D (1996) Comparison of PCR with blood smear and inoculation of small animals for diagnosis of Babesia microti parasitemia. J Clin Microbiol 34:2791\u20132794","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"8667_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06431.x","volume":"1249","author":"DA Lapointe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lapointe DA, Atkinson CT, Samuel MD (2012) Ecology and conservation biology of avian malaria. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1249:211\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06431.x","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"26","key":"8667_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00772","volume":"3","author":"D L\u00fcdecke","year":"2018","unstructured":"L\u00fcdecke D (2018) ggeffects: Tidy data frames of marginal effects from regression models. J Open Source Softw 3(26):772","journal-title":"J Open Source Softw"},{"key":"8667_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00fcdecke D, Ben-Shachar MS, Patil I, Waggoner P, Makowski D (2021) performance: An R package for assessment, comparison and testing of statistical models.\u00a0J Open Source Softw\u00a06(60)","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.03139"},{"issue":"4","key":"8667_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1080\/00034989859401","volume":"92","author":"MT Makler","year":"1998","unstructured":"Makler MT, Palmer CJ, Ager AL (1998) A review of practical techniques for the diagnosis of malaria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 92(4):419\u2013434","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"issue":"7","key":"8667_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009006118","volume":"136","author":"J Mart\u00ednez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez J, Mart\u00ednez-de la Puente J, Herrero J, Del Cerro S, Lobato E, Rivero De Aguilar J, V\u00e1squez RA, Merino S (2009) A restriction site to differentiate Plasmodium and Haemoproteus infections in birds: on the inefficiency of general primers for detection of mixed infections. Parasitology 136(7):713\u2013722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0031182009006118","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"8667_CR39","unstructured":"Martinsen ES, Perkins SL, Carlton JM (2013) The diversity of Plasmodium and other haemosporidians: the intersection of taxonomy, phylogenetics and genomics. Malaria parasites: comparative genomics, evolution and molecular biology. Caister Academic Press, Norfolk, 15, 1\u201315"},{"issue":"4","key":"8667_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2008.01545.x","volume":"21","author":"A Marzal","year":"2008","unstructured":"Marzal A, Bensch S, Reviriego M, Balbontin J, De Lope F (2008) Effects of malaria double infection in birds: one plus one is not two. J Evol Biol 21(4):979\u2013987. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2008.01545.x","journal-title":"J Evol Biol"},{"key":"8667_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2022.12.005","volume":"20","author":"SL Meister","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meister SL, Wyss F, Wenker C, Hoby S, Basso WU (2023) Avian haemosporidian parasites in captive and free-ranging, wild birds from zoological institutions in Switzerland: molecular characterization and clinical importance. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 20:46\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2022.12.005","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl"},{"issue":"1461","key":"8667_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1312","volume":"267","author":"S Merino","year":"2000","unstructured":"Merino S, Moreno J, Jos\u00e9 Sanz J, Arriero E (2000) Are avian blood parasites pathogenic in the wild? A medication experiment in blue tits (Parus caeruleus). Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 267(1461):2507\u20132510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2000.1312","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"8667_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-161","volume":"10","author":"JP Messina","year":"2011","unstructured":"Messina JP, Taylor SM, Meshnick SR, Linke AM, Tshefu AK, Atua B, Mwandagalirwa K, Emch M (2011) Population, behavioural and environmental drivers of malaria prevalence in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Malar J 10:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2875-10-161","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"2","key":"8667_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/acv.12738","volume":"25","author":"A Monnier-Corbel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Monnier-Corbel A, Monnet AC, Hingrat Y, Robert A (2022) Patterns of abundance reveal evidence of translocation and climate effects on Houbara bustard population recovery. Anim Conserv 25(2):297\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acv.12738","journal-title":"Anim Conserv"},{"key":"8667_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.45","volume":"1","author":"ROC Motta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Motta ROC, Marques MVR, Junior FCF, de Assis Anry D, Horta RS, Peixoto RB, Lacorte GA, Moreira PA, Paes Leme FO, Melo MM, Martins NRS, Braga EM (2013) Does haemosporidian infection affect hematological and biochemical profiles of the endangered Black-fronted piping-guan (Aburria jacutinga)? PeerJ 1:e45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.45","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"8667_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48327\/mtsibulletin.n1.2021.89","volume":"1","author":"TF Mouatassem","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mouatassem TF, Lalami AEO, Faraj C, Rais N, Guemmouh R (2021) Culicidae larvae and their seasonal dynamics in the region of Fez-Meknes, Morocco. Medecine Tropicale et Sante Internationale 1(2):mtsibulletin-n1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48327\/mtsibulletin.n1.2021.89","journal-title":"Medecine Tropicale et Sante Internationale"},{"issue":"10","key":"8667_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-022-07606-4","volume":"121","author":"S Musa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Musa S, Mackenstedt U, Woog F, Dinkel A (2022) Untangling the actual infection status: detection of avian haemosporidian parasites of three Malagasy bird species using microscopy, multiplex PCR, and nested PCR methods. Parasitol Res 121(10):2817\u20132829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-022-07606-4","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"8667_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-023-03619-y","volume":"19","author":"V Noni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Noni V, Tan CS (2023) Prevalence of haemosporidia in Asian Glossy Starling with discovery of misbinding of Haemoproteus-specific primer to Plasmodium genera in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. BMC Vet Res 19(1):66. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-023-03619-y","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"04","key":"8667_CR49","first-page":"1","volume":"2019","author":"A Ombugadu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ombugadu A, Echor B, Jibril A, Angbalaga G, Lapang M, Micah E, Njila HL, Isah L, Nkup CD, Dogo KS, Anzaku AA (2018) Impact of parasites in captive birds: a review. Curr Res Environ Biodivers 2019(04):1\u201312","journal-title":"Curr Res Environ Biodivers"},{"issue":"4","key":"8667_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0575-y","volume":"101","author":"J Ortego","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ortego J, Calabuig G, Cordero PJ, Aparicio JM (2007) Genetic characterization of avian malaria (Protozoa) in the endangered lesser kestrel, Falco naumanni. Parasitol Res 101(4):1153\u20131156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-007-0575-y","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"8667_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2023.04.004","volume":"39","author":"MA Pacheco","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pacheco MA, Escalante AA (2023) Origin and diversity of malaria parasites and other Haemosporida. Trends Parasitol 39(7):501\u2013516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2023.04.004","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"8667_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2008.09.001","volume":"120","author":"V Palinauskas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Palinauskas V, Valki\u016bnas G, Bolshakov CV, Bensch S (2008) Plasmodium relictum (lineage P-SGS1): effects on experimentally infected passerine birds. Exp Parasitol 120:372\u2013380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exppara.2008.09.001","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"14","key":"8667_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2018.06.007","volume":"48","author":"R Pigeault","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pigeault R, Cozzarolo CS, Choquet R, Strehler M, Jenkins T, Delhaye J, Bovet L, Wassef J, Glaizot O, Christe P (2018) Haemosporidian infection and coinfection affect host survival and reproduction in wild populations of great tits. Int J Parasitol 48(14):1079\u20131087. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpara.2018.06.007","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8667_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-23-00023","volume":"60","author":"MT Reinoso-P\u00e9rez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Reinoso-P\u00e9rez MT, Dhondt KV, Dulcet H, Katzenstein N, Sydenstricker AV, Dhondt AA (2024) Seasonal variation in detection of Haemosporidia in a bird community: a comparison of nested PCR and microscopy. J Wildl Dis 60(1):105\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/JWD-D-23-00023","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"8667_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12188","volume":"28","author":"N Rollinson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rollinson N, Keith DM, Houde ALS, Debes PV, Mcbride MC, Hutchings JA (2014) Risk assessment of inbreeding and outbreeding depression in a captive-breeding program. Conserv Biol 28(2):529\u2013540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cobi.12188","journal-title":"Conserv Biol"},{"key":"8667_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-40","volume":"12","author":"JV Rooyen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rooyen JV, Lalubin F, Glaizot O, Christe P (2013) Avian haemosporidian persistence and coinfection in great tits at the individual level. Malar J 12:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2875-12-40","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"8667_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2020.569016","volume":"8","author":"RE Russell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Russell RE, DiRenzo GV, Szymanski JA, Alger KE, Grant EH (2020) Principles and mechanisms of wildlife population persistence in the face of disease. Front Ecol Evol 8:569016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fevo.2020.569016","journal-title":"Front Ecol Evol"},{"key":"8667_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-4912-x","volume":"115","author":"K Rydzanicz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rydzanicz K, Jawie\u0144 P, Lonc E, Modelska M (2016) Assessment of productivity of Culex spp. larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) in urban storm water catch basin system in Wroc\u0142aw (SW Poland). Parasitol Res 115:1711\u20131720. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-016-4912-x","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"8667_CR59","unstructured":"Samour J (2009) Diagnostic Value of Hematology. Harrison, G. & Lightfoot T. (2009). Clinical Avian Medicine (pp 588\u2013610). Spix Publishing, Inc"},{"issue":"4","key":"8667_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2013.871195","volume":"62","author":"ER Schoener","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schoener ER, Banda M, Howe L, Castro IC, Alley MR (2014) Avian malaria in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 62(4):189\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00480169.2013.871195","journal-title":"N Z Vet J"},{"issue":"3","key":"8667_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2015.09.001","volume":"4","author":"RN Sehgal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sehgal RN (2015) Manifold habitat effects on the prevalence and diversity of avian blood parasites. Int J Parasitol- Parasites Wildl 4(3):421\u2013430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2015.09.001","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol- Parasites Wildl"},{"key":"8667_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shocket MS, Anderson CB, Caldwell JM, Childs ML, Couper LI, Han S, Harris MJ, Howard ME, Kain MP, MacDonald AJ, Nova N, Mordecai EA (2021) Environmental drivers of vector-borne diseases. Popul biology vector-borne Dis, 85\u2013118","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198853244.003.0006"},{"key":"8667_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jav.02819","author":"SP Slowinski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Slowinski SP, Geissler AJ, Gerlach N, Heidinger BJ, Ketterson ED (2022) The probability of being infected with haemosporidian parasites increases with host age but is not affected by experimental testosterone elevation in a wild songbird. J Avian Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jav.02819","journal-title":"J Avian Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8667_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1795.2008.00228.x","volume":"12","author":"KF Smith","year":"2009","unstructured":"Smith KF, Acevedo-Whitehouse K, Pedersen AB (2009) The role of infectious diseases in biological conservation. Anim Conserv 12(1):1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-1795.2008.00228.x","journal-title":"Anim Conserv"},{"issue":"2","key":"8667_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.1996.10020338.x","volume":"10","author":"NF Snyder","year":"1996","unstructured":"Snyder NF, Derrickson SR, Beissinger SR, Wiley JW, Smith TB, Toone WD, Miller B (1996) Limitations of captive breeding in endangered species recovery. Conserv Biol 10(2):338\u2013348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1523-1739.1996.10020338.x","journal-title":"Conserv Biol"},{"key":"8667_CR66","unstructured":"Stock C, Hielscher T, Discacciati A (2023) DTComPair: comparison of binary diagnostic tests in a paired study design. R package, version 1.2.0"},{"issue":"6","key":"8667_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msz312","volume":"37","author":"K Tamura","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tamura K, Stecher G, Kumar S (2021) MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms. Mol Biol Evol 37(6):2111\u20132117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/msz312","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"10","key":"8667_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2010.04.009","volume":"40","author":"RCA Thompson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thompson RCA, Lymbery AJ, Smith A (2010) Parasites, emerging disease and wildlife conservation. Int J Parasitol 40(10):1163\u20131170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpara.2010.04.009","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"8667_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203643792","volume-title":"Avian malaria parasites and other haemosporidia","author":"G Valki\u016bnas","year":"2004","unstructured":"Valki\u016bnas G (2004) Avian malaria parasites and other haemosporidia. CRC press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/9780203643792"},{"key":"8667_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1570.1","volume":"94","author":"G Valki\u016bnas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Valki\u016bnas G, Iezhova TA, Krizanauskien A, Palinauskas V, Sehgal RNM, Bensch S (2008) A comparative analysis of microscopy and PCR-based detection methods for blood parasites. J Parasitol 94:1395\u20131401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/GE-1570.1","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"8667_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.8603","volume":"12","author":"AR Vierstraete","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vierstraete AR, Braeckman BP (2022) Amplicon_sorter: a tool for reference-free amplicon sorting based on sequence similarity and for building consensus sequences. Ecol Evol 12(3):e8603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.8603","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"key":"8667_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-007-0130-2","volume":"54","author":"D Villan\u00faa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Villan\u00faa D, P\u00e9rez-Rodr\u00edguez L, Casas F, Alzaga V, Acevedo P, Vi\u00f1uela J, Gort\u00e1zar C (2008) Sanitary risks of red-legged partridge releases: introduction of parasites. Eur J Wildl Res 54:199\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10344-007-0130-2","journal-title":"Eur J Wildl Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"8667_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294X.2002.01523.x","volume":"11","author":"J Waldenstr\u00f6m","year":"2002","unstructured":"Waldenstr\u00f6m J, Bensch S, Kiboi S, Hasselquist D, Ottosson U (2002) Cross-species infection of blood parasites between resident and migratory songbirds in Africa. Mol Ecol 11(8):1545\u20131554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-294X.2002.01523.x","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8667_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3221RN","volume":"90","author":"J Waldenstr\u00f6m","year":"2004","unstructured":"Waldenstr\u00f6m J, Bensch S, Hasselquist D, \u00d6stman \u00d6 (2004) A new nested polymerase chain reaction method very efficient in detecting Plasmodium and Haemoproteus infections from avian blood. J Parasitol 90(1):191\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/GE-3221RN","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"8667_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2012.00190.x","volume":"3","author":"YI Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang YI, Naumann U, Wright ST, Warton DI (2012) Mvabund\u2013an R package for model-based analysis of multivariate abundance data. Methods Ecol Evol 3(3):471\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2012.00190.x","journal-title":"Methods Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"9","key":"8667_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1139\/z91-331","volume":"69","author":"PJ Weatherhead","year":"1991","unstructured":"Weatherhead PJ, Bennett GF (1991) Ecology of red-winged blackbird parasitism by haematozoa. Can J Zool 69(9):2352\u20132359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/z91-331","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"8667_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yabsley MJ, Vanstreels RE, Martinsen ES, Wickson AG, Holland AE, Hernandez SM, Thompson AT, Perkins SL, West CJ, Bryan AL, Cleveland CA, Jolly E, Brown JD, McRuer D, Behmke S, Beasley JC (2018) Parasitaemia data and molecular characterization of Haemoproteus catharti from New World vultures (Cathartidae) reveals a novel clade of Haemosporida. Malar J 17:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-017-2165-5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-2165-5"},{"issue":"6","key":"8667_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039208","volume":"7","author":"I Zamora-Vilchis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zamora-Vilchis I, Williams SE, Johnson CN (2012) Environmental temperature affects prevalence of blood parasites of birds on an elevation gradient: implications for disease in a warming climate. PLoS One 7(6):e39208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0039208","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-026-08695-1","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000}}],"container-title":["Parasitology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00436-026-08667-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00436-026-08667-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00436-026-08667-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T05:39:32Z","timestamp":1783489172000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00436-026-08667-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8667"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-026-08667-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0932-0113","1432-1955"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0932-0113","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1955","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2026","order":6,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":7,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The original online version of this article was revised: The authors regret that the name of the corresponding author Ursula H\u00f6fle is incorrectly captured as Ursula H\u00f6fle Hansen in the original published article. It is now corrected in this erratum article. The original article has been corrected.","order":8,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 May 2026","order":9,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":10,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":11,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-026-08695-1","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-026-08695-1","order":12,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All samples in the study belong to captive houbara as a part of a conservation breeding program at the Emirates Centre for Wildlife Propagation (ECWP) in eastern Morocco. The breeding program was approved by the Moroccan Ministry of Agriculture and a mandate-independent veterinarian (mandate number: 534\u201398), providing control over the well-being of the birds. Onsite veterinary facilities with a team of expert veterinarians ensure the best possible care for the birds. Standards from sanitary authorities are regularly controlled. The sampling was conducted by Reneco International Wildlife Consultants, LTD. To minimize stress during capture, the birds were fitted with hoods during manipulation. The bird care practices conformed to the Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"80"}}