{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T22:52:50Z","timestamp":1781650370863,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005722","name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005722","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitol Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Host total length, body mass and prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>Schistocephalus solidus<\/jats:italic>\n                    were assessed in pelagic three-spined sticklebacks (\n                    <jats:italic>Gasterosteus aculeatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) from Upper Lake Constance, a prealpine lake in Central Europe, based on 987 individuals collected by pelagic trawl in late autumn 2024. In addition, 62 fish sampled using gillnets in late autumn 2025 were examined using the same biometric and parasitological procedures. The 2024 population was dominated by small-bodied individuals, with a mean total length of 5.26\u2009\u00b1\u20090.55\u00a0cm and a mean body mass of 1.56\u2009\u00b1\u20090.51\u00a0g. Infection was rare: 16 of 987 fish were infected in 2024, corresponding to a prevalence of 1.6%, and parasite index (PI\u2009=\u2009parasite wet mass \/ host wet mass) values ranged from 0.013 to 0.302. In 2025, prevalence remained similarly low at 3.2%. Compared with earlier reports from Lake Constance, the late-autumn 2024 sample indicates markedly lower prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>S. solidus<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the pelagic population, and the 2025 sample showed similarly low prevalence.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-026-08677-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T07:50:40Z","timestamp":1776153040000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Markedly reduced prevalence of Schistocephalus solidus in pelagic three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from Lake Constance"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"Felix","family":"Salge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herwig","family":"Stibor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Vogelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"8677_CR1","unstructured":"Alexander TJ, Vonlanthen P, Seehausen O et al (2016) Artenvielfalt und Zusammensetzung der Fischpopulation im Bodensee. Projet Lac, Eawag, Kastanienbaum. https:\/\/www.ibkf.org\/wpcontent\/uploads\/2018\/03\/ProjetLac_Bodensee_2014_fin_web.pdf. Accessed 10 March 2026"},{"key":"8677_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-022-07517-4","volume":"121","author":"J Baer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baer J, Gugele SM, Roch S, Brinker A (2022) Stickleback mass occurrence driven by spatially uneven parasite pressure? Insights into infection dynamics, host mortality, and epizootic variability. Parasitol Res 121:1607\u20131619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-022-07517-4","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"8677_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.15622","volume":"104","author":"J Baer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baer J, Ziegaus S, Schumann M et al (2024) Escaping malnutrition by shifting habitats: A driver of three-spined stickleback invasion in Lake Constance. J Fish Biol 104:746\u2013757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jfb.15622","journal-title":"J Fish Biol"},{"key":"8677_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009991466","volume":"137","author":"I Barber","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barber I, Scharsack JP (2010) The three-spined stickleback-Schistocephalus solidus system: an experimental model for investigating host-parasite interactions in fish. Parasitology 137:411\u2013424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0031182009991466","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"8677_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670125","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2021.670125","volume":"9","author":"JB Bretzel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bretzel JB, Geist J, Gugele SM et al (2021) Feeding ecology of invasive three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in relation to native juvenile Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) in the pelagic zone of Upper Lake Constance. Front Environ Sci 9:670125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fenvs.2021.670125","journal-title":"Front Environ Sci"},{"key":"8677_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.2307\/3284227","volume":"83","author":"AO Bush","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bush AO, Lafferty KD, Lotz JM, Shostak AW (1997) Parasitology meets ecology on its own terms: Margolis. Revisit J Parasitol 83:575\u2013583. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3284227","journal-title":"Revisit J Parasitol"},{"key":"8677_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2018.08.002","volume":"210","author":"R Eckmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eckmann R, Engesser B (2019) Reconstructing the build-up of a pelagic stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) population using hydroacoustics. Fish Res 210:189\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fishres.2018.08.002","journal-title":"Fish Res"},{"key":"8677_CR8","first-page":"361","volume":"60","author":"R Eckmann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Eckmann R, Kugler M, Ruhl\u00e9 C (2007) Evaluating the success of large-scale whitefish stocking at Lake Constance. Adv Limnol 60:361\u2013368","journal-title":"Adv Limnol"},{"key":"8677_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brv.70119","author":"C Hammoud","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hammoud C, Balbuena JA, Blasco-Costa I, O\u2019Dwyer K, Paterson RA, Scholz T, Selbach C, Sures B, Thieltges DW (2025) Long-term trends in parasite diversity and infection levels: approaches and patterns. Biol Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brv.70119","journal-title":"Biol Rev"},{"key":"8677_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182025100516","volume":"152","author":"AZ Hasik","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hasik AZ, Butt S, Maris K et al (2025) Population density drives increased parasitism via greater exposure and reduced resource availability in wild red deer. Parasitology 152:724\u2013734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0031182025100516","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"8677_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611672","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2020.611672","volume":"8","author":"CM Hudson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hudson CM, Lucek K, Marques DA et al (2021) Threespine stickleback in Lake Constance: The ecology and genomic substrate of a recent invasion. Front Ecol Evol 8:611672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fevo.2020.611672","journal-title":"Front Ecol Evol"},{"key":"8677_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1139\/f72-127","volume":"29","author":"W Numann","year":"1972","unstructured":"Numann W (1972) The Bodensee: Effects of exploitation and eutrophication on the salmonid community. J Fish Res Board Can 29:833\u2013847. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/f72-127","journal-title":"J Fish Res Board Can"},{"key":"8677_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3897\/neobiota.78.86788","volume":"78","author":"\u017d Ogorelec","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ogorelec \u017d, Brinker A, Straile D (2022) Small but voracious: invasive generalist consumes more zooplankton in winter than native planktivore. NeoBiota 78:71\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3897\/neobiota.78.86788","journal-title":"NeoBiota"},{"key":"8677_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000079919","volume":"63","author":"L Pennycuick","year":"1971","unstructured":"Pennycuick L (1971) Seasonal variations in the parasite infections in a population of three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus L. Parasitology 63:373\u2013388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0031182000079919","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"8677_CR15","unstructured":"R Core Team (2023) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria"},{"key":"8677_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2018.02.014","volume":"204","author":"S Roch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roch S, Von Ammon L, Geist J, Brinker A (2018) Foraging habits of invasive three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) \u2013 impacts on fisheries yield in Upper Lake Constance. Fish Res 204:172\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fishres.2018.02.014","journal-title":"Fish Res"},{"key":"8677_CR17","first-page":"255","volume":"53","author":"D Straile","year":"1998","unstructured":"Straile D, Geller W (1998) Crustacean zooplankton in Lake Constance from 1920 to 1995: Response to eutrophication and re-oligotrophication. Adv Limnol 53:255\u2013274","journal-title":"Adv Limnol"},{"key":"8677_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2400.2010.00734.x","volume":"17","author":"G Thomas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thomas G, R\u00f6sch R, Eckmann R (2010) Seasonal and long-term changes in fishing depth of Lake Constance whitefish. Fish Manag Ecol 17:386\u2013393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2400.2010.00734.x","journal-title":"Fish Manag Ecol"},{"issue":"6611","key":"8677_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abo3411","volume":"377","author":"JN Weber","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weber JN, Steinel NC, Peng F et al (2022) Evolutionary gain and loss of a pathological immune response to parasitism. Science 377(6611):1206\u20131211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abo3411","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Parasitology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00436-026-08677-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00436-026-08677-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00436-026-08677-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T21:59:42Z","timestamp":1781647182000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00436-026-08677-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8677"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-026-08677-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0932-0113","1432-1955"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0932-0113","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1955","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures involving fish were carried out in accordance with applicable institutional and national guidelines. No approval of a research ethics committee was required for this study because sampling was conducted as part of authorized fisheries research activities of the Institute for Fisheries, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture (LfL). Fish were euthanized in accordance with the German Animal Welfare Act (TierSchG).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"54"}}