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This study combined prospective (2022\u20132023) and archived (2016\u20132022) DNA samples to assess molecular prevalence and serological exposure to\n                    <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. across thirteen dip tanks in the Mnisi area (Mpumalanga), plus five additional high-risk areas: Manaleni and Boekenhouthoek (Mpumalanga), Phuthaditjaba and Harrismith (Free State), Bergville (KZN). TaqMan quantitative PCR (qPCR) and indirect fluorescent antibody testing (IFAT) were used to assess current parasitaemia and prior exposure. In Mnisi, 81\/216 cattle tested positive for at least one\n                    <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (38%, 95% CI: 0.31\u20130.44), comprising 41 single\n                    <jats:italic>B. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections (19%, 95% CI: 0.14\u20130.25), 12 single\n                    <jats:italic>B. bigemina<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections (6%, 95% CI: 0.03\u20130.09), and 28 mixed infections (13%, 95% CI: 0.09\u20130.18), while 135 animals were negative (63%, 95% CI: 0.56\u20130.69). In the remaining areas, 113\/187 cattle were positive (60%, 95% CI: 0.53\u20130.67). The overall prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>B. bigemina<\/jats:italic>\n                    was highest in the Free State (51%), while\n                    <jats:italic>B. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    was predominant in KZN (62%), with Mpumalanga showing a higher relative occurrence of\n                    <jats:italic>B. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (32%) than\n                    <jats:italic>B. bigemina<\/jats:italic>\n                    (22%). Agreement analysis from Mnisi subset (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009101, 2022) with paired IFAT and qPCR results revealed slight agreement for\n                    <jats:italic>B. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (K\u2009=\u20090.12, 95% CI: -0.05-0.29), with McNemar\u2019s exact test confirming systematic rather than random discordance (\u03c72\u2009=\u200912.26,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.00046). This supports the complementary application of both assays, as qPCR and IFAT reflect active parasitaemia and historical exposure, respectively, informing enzootic stability monitoring and control strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-026-08690-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T04:16:29Z","timestamp":1778127389000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Epidemiological insights into bovine babesiosis in South African cattle"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"Thandikhaya","family":"Bambeni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Byaruhanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilhelm Hein","family":"Stoltsz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonhard","family":"Schnittger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raksha Vasantrai","family":"Bhoora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"8690_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1009213286","volume":"16","author":"LD Brown","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brown LD, Cai TT, Dasgupta A (2001) Interval estimation for a binomial proportion. 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In addition, permission to perform research in terms of Section 20 of the Animal Disease Act, 1984 (Act No. 35 of 1984) was obtained from the Department of Agriculture (DoA) [12\/11\/1\/1\/8 (3981NT)].","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical statement"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial number"}},{"value":"Authors wish to declare Prof. Leonhard Schnittger as a section editor - Genetics, Evolution, and Phylogeny.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"68"}}