{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T04:00:14Z","timestamp":1780977614981,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Justus-Liebig-Universit\u00e4t Gie\u00dfen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitol Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Within lizards, chameleons (family Chamaeleonidae) represent a distinctive and highly specialized clade of insectivorous reptiles. Chameleons have become more popular as reptile pets in recent years worldwide, due to their feasible husbandry and attractiveness. To date, not only reptile pet numbers but also health-compromising endoparasite infections are rising. In the current study, we analyzed a total of 670 faecal samples of 25 different chameleon species kept as pet animals all over Germany. In total, 223 animals (33%) were found to harbor gastrointestinal parasites. In total, 10 different parasite taxa were diagnosed in chameleon faecal samples. The most prevalent parasite stages were oxyurid eggs (14.1%), followed by coccidia oocysts (7.8%) (e.g.\n                    <jats:italic>Isospora jaracimrmani<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Isospora<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.,\n                    <jats:italic>Choleoeimeria<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.,\n                    <jats:italic>Eimeria<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.), flagellated protozoan trophozoites (6.3%) (e.g.\n                    <jats:italic>Leptomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.,\n                    <jats:italic>Tritrichomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.,\n                    <jats:italic>Proteromonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.), heterakid eggs (3.6%), thin-shelled nematode eggs (3.6%), digenean trematode eggs (0.6%), pentastomid eggs (0.3%), ascarid eggs (0.2%),\n                    <jats:italic>Entamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. cysts (0.2%) and physalopteroid eggs (0.2%). Among current chameleon species, veiled chameleons (\n                    <jats:italic>Chamaleo calyptratus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) showed a significantly higher prevalence of oxyurid infections (64%) than other chameleon species. Co-infections were diagnosed in 9.8% (22\/223) of faecal samples. When performing necropsies, 19\/31 chameleons showed parasite-induced pathologies based on histopathological examinations, including one animal being infected with 4 parasite species (\n                    <jats:italic>Leptomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.,\n                    <jats:italic>Tritrichomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.,\n                    <jats:italic>Foleyella furcata<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Hexametra angusticaecoides)<\/jats:italic>\n                    , thereby most likely impacting animal\u2019s welfare.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-026-08704-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T07:04:13Z","timestamp":1780902253000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gastrointestinal protozoan and helminth parasite infections in captive chameleons in Germany"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"Paula","family":"Sapion-Miranda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Taubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Hermosilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malek J.","family":"Hallinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"8704_CR1","first-page":"29","volume":"7","author":"BM Abdel-Wasae","year":"2004","unstructured":"Abdel-Wasae BM (2004) Isospora taizii (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae), a new coccidian parasite from the Yemen chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus) (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae) in Taiz City, Yemen Republic. Assiut Univ Bull Environ Res 7(2):29\u201334","journal-title":"Assiut Univ Bull Environ Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"8704_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00009814","volume":"7","author":"JH Ali","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ali JH, Riley J, Self JT (1985) A review of the taxonomy and systematics of the pentastomid genus Raillietiella Sambon, 1910 with a description of a new species. Syst Parasitol 7(2):111\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00009814","journal-title":"Syst Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8704_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2019.12.006","volume":"36","author":"B Bangoura","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bangoura B, Bardsley KD (2020) Ruminant coccidiosis. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 36(1):187\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvfa.2019.12.006","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"8704_CR4","volume-title":"A veterinary guide to the parasites of reptiles: Protozoa","author":"SM Barnard","year":"1994","unstructured":"Barnard SM, Upton SJ (1994) A veterinary guide to the parasites of reptiles: Protozoa. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar (FL)"},{"key":"8704_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1654\/4209.1","volume":"74","author":"D Barton","year":"2009","unstructured":"Barton D (2009) Pentastomid parasites of the introduced Asian house gecko, Hemidactylus frenatus (Gekkonidae), in Australia. Comp Parasitol 74:254\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1654\/4209.1","journal-title":"Comp Parasitol"},{"issue":"6","key":"8704_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182020000219","volume":"147","author":"DP Barton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barton DP, Martelli P, Luk W, Zhu X, Shamsi S (2020) Infection of Hexametra angusticaecoides Chabaud & Brygoo, 1960 (Nematoda: Ascarididae) in a population of captive crested geckoes, Correlophus ciliatus Guichenot (Reptilia: Diplodactylidae). Parasitology 147(6):673\u2013680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0031182020000219","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"8704_CR7","first-page":"1","volume":"61","author":"H Bayon","year":"1915","unstructured":"Bayon H (1915) Herpetomonidae found in Scatophaga hottentota and Chamaeleon pumilus. Trans R Soc S Afr 61:1\u20133","journal-title":"Trans R Soc S Afr"},{"key":"8704_CR8","unstructured":"Biallas S (2013) Zur Bedeutung von Endoparasiten bei Cham\u00e4leons (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae) aus Wildf\u00e4ngen und Nachzuchten. Dissertation, Veterin\u00e4rmedizinische Fakult\u00e4t der Universit\u00e4t Leipzig"},{"issue":"5","key":"8704_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00925489","volume":"72","author":"H Bosch","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bosch H (1986) Experimental life-cycle studies of Raillietiella Sambon, 1910 (Pentastomida: Cephalobaenida): the fourth-stage larva is infective for the definitive host. Z Parasitenkd 72(5):673\u2013680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00925489","journal-title":"Z Parasitenkd"},{"issue":"3","key":"8704_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/aec.12695","volume":"44","author":"DS Bower","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bower DS, Brannelly LA, McDonald CA, Webb RJ, Greenspan SE, Vickers M, Gardner MG, Greenlees MJ (2019) A review of the role of parasites in the ecology of reptiles and amphibians. Austral Ecol 44(3):433\u2013448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aec.12695","journal-title":"Austral Ecol"},{"key":"8704_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1963382149","volume":"38","author":"ER Brygoo","year":"1963","unstructured":"Brygoo ER (1963) Contribution to the knowledge of the parasitology of Madagascan chameleons. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 38:149\u2013336","journal-title":"Ann Parasitol Hum Comp"},{"key":"8704_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2004.03.002","volume":"120","author":"A Carpenter","year":"2004","unstructured":"Carpenter A, Rowcliffe M, Watkinson A (2004) The dynamics of the global trade in chameleons. Biol Conserv 120:291\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biocon.2004.03.002","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"8704_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.5818\/1529-9651-26.3-4.122","volume":"26","author":"M Cervone","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cervone M, Fichi G, Lami A, Lanza A, Damiani GM, Perrucci S (2016) Internal and external parasitic infections of pet reptiles in Italy. J Herpetol Med Surg 26(3\u20134):122\u2013130","journal-title":"J Herpetol Med Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"8704_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 4","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1962374569","volume":"37","author":"AG Chabaud","year":"1962","unstructured":"Chabaud AG, Brygoo ER (1962) N\u00e9matodes parasites de cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons malgaches\u2014Deuxi\u00e8me note. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 37(4):Article 4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/parasite\/1962374569","journal-title":"Ann Parasitol Hum Comp"},{"issue":"18","key":"8704_CR13","first-page":"2320","volume":"255","author":"AG Chabaud","year":"1962","unstructured":"Chabaud AG, Brygoo ER, Petter AJ (1962) Parasitologie-demonstration experimentale de differents types de cycles evolutifs potentiels chez un ascaride de cameleon. C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci 255(18):2320","journal-title":"C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci"},{"key":"8704_CR16","first-page":"25","volume":"4","author":"RL Coke","year":"1997","unstructured":"Coke RL (1997) Hexametra transmission between wild caught panther chameleons (Chamaeleo pardalis) and captive born veiled chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus): A case report. Proc Assoc Rept Amphib Vet 4:25\u201327","journal-title":"Proc Assoc Rept Amphib Vet"},{"issue":"4","key":"8704_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12537","volume":"46","author":"NB Collicutt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Collicutt NB, Stacy NI, Walden HS, Childress A, Dill J, Anderson M, Wellehan JFX (2017) Infection with a novel derogenid trematode in a flap-necked chameleon (Chamaeleo dilepis). Vet Clin Pathol 46(4):629\u2013634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vcp.12537","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"8704_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2009.09.007","volume":"18","author":"JE Cooper","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cooper JE (2009) In-practice and field techniques for the investigation of parasitic infections. J Exot Pet Med 18(4):289\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.jepm.2009.09.007","journal-title":"J Exot Pet Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"8704_CR19","first-page":"63","volume":"20","author":"G Damiani","year":"2006","unstructured":"Damiani G, Buggiani C, Perrucci S (2006) Coccidiosis and cryptosporidiosis in the veiled chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus) kept in captivity. Vet (Cremona) 20(2):63\u201366","journal-title":"Vet (Cremona)"},{"key":"8704_CR20","unstructured":"Deakins D (1973) Pentastome in captive reptiles. Dissertation. ProQuest. https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/openview\/dd78eaeb6fb93e44e3bfb695dc729e5d\/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y"},{"key":"8704_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.prot087718","volume":"2015","author":"R Diaz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Diaz R, Anderson C, Baumann D et al (2015) Captive care, raising, and breeding of the veiled chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus). Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2015:943\u2013949. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/pdb.prot087718","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Protoc"},{"issue":"9","key":"8704_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1986.189.09.1139","volume":"189","author":"DL Dillehay","year":"1986","unstructured":"Dillehay DL, Boosinger TR, MacKenzie S (1986) Gastric cryptosporidiosis in a chameleon. J Am Vet Med Assoc 189(9):1139\u20131140","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"8704_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2019.09.010","volume":"10","author":"F Eckhardt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eckhardt F, Strube C, Mathes KA et al (2019) Parasite burden in a short-lived chameleon, Furcifer labordi. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 10:231\u2013240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2019.09.010","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl"},{"issue":"8","key":"8704_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.21-0152","volume":"83","author":"I Ekawastasi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ekawastasi I, Kitawka K, Domae H et al (2021) Phylogenetic characterization of Isospora jaracimrmani oocysts from a veiled chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus) reared at a zoo in Ishikawa, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 83(8):1240\u20131243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1292\/jvms.21-0152","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"8704_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Farris S, Squires M, Ridgley F et al (2015) Necropsies of reptiles: Recommendations and techniques for examining invasive species. Univ Fla Electron Data Inf Source. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32473\/edis-uw382-2013","DOI":"10.32473\/edis-uw382-2013"},{"key":"8704_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Foreyt WJ (1990) Coccidiosis and cryptosporidiosis in sheep and goats. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract, 6(3):655\u2013670.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30838-0","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30838-0"},{"key":"8704_CR27","unstructured":"Frank W (1985) Infektion (Invasionen) mit Parasiten (Parasitosen). In: Isenb\u00fcgel E, Frank W (eds) Heimtierkrankheiten. Ulmer. Stuttgart, Germany, pp. 226\u2013320"},{"key":"8704_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuentes EM, Rodr\u00edguez JP, Matute AR Chavarr\u00eda LM (2023) Granulomatous pneumonia caused by Mycobacterium simiae complex and necroulcerative enteritis caused by Entamoeba spp in a panther chameleon (Furcifer pardalis). Conference abstract, Joint European Congress of Veterinary Pathology, Clinical Pathology and Comparative Pathology (ESVP\u2013ECVP\u2013ESVCP\u2013ECVCP), Lisbon, Portugal","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2024.03.096"},{"issue":"7","key":"8704_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0219303","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219303","volume":"14","author":"R Ga\u0142\u0119cki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ga\u0142\u0119cki R, Sok\u00f3\u0142 R (2019) A parasitological evaluation of edible insects and their role in the transmission of parasitic diseases to humans and animals. PLoS ONE 14(7):e0219303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0219303","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"8704_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1080\/15627020.2008.11657243","volume":"43","author":"SR Goldberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Goldberg SR, Bursey CR (2008) Helminths from three species of African chameleons. Afr Zool 43(2):270\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15627020.2008.11657243","journal-title":"Afr Zool"},{"issue":"3","key":"8704_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06526-0","volume":"119","author":"MJ Hallinger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hallinger MJ, Taubert A, Hermosilla C (2020) Occurrence of Kalicephalus, Strongyloides, and Rhabdias nematodes as most common gastrointestinal parasites in captive snakes of German households and zoological gardens. Parasitol Res 119(3):947\u2013956. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-019-06526-0","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"8704_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2936-z","volume":"11","author":"MJ Hallinger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hallinger MJ, Taubert A, Hermosilla C, Mutschmann F (2018) Occurrence of health-compromising protozoan and helminth infections in tortoises kept as pet animals in Germany. Parasites Vectors 11:352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-018-2936-z","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"8704_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2019.01.005","volume":"63","author":"MJ Hallinger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hallinger MJ, Taubert A, Hermosilla C, Mutschmann F (2019) Captive agamid lizards in Germany: Prevalence, pathogenicity and therapy of gastrointestinal protozoan and helminth infections. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 63:74\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cimid.2019.01.005","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"8704_CR35","volume-title":"Selected endoparasites in reptiles","author":"JM Hatt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hatt JM (2010) Selected endoparasites in reptiles. Proc World Small Anim Vet Assoc (WSAVA) Congress, Geneva, Switzerland"},{"key":"8704_CR36","first-page":"73","volume":"57","author":"RA Heckmann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Heckmann RA (2014) Jackson\u2019s chameleon (Chamaeleo jacksonii) infected with Baylisascaris procyonis (Nematoda). Proc Parasitol 57:73\u201385","journal-title":"Proc Parasitol"},{"issue":"23","key":"8704_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3433","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15233433","volume":"15","author":"T Hellebuyck","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hellebuyck T, Solanes-Vilanova F, Decorte B, Miljkovi\u0107 J, Claerebout E (2025) Patent pulmonary infection with the invasive pentastomid Raillietiella orientalis in a panther chameleon (Furcifer pardalis) in Belgium. Animals 15(23):3433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15233433","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"2","key":"8704_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1638\/2022-0132","volume":"54","author":"Y Heng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Heng Y, Sekar S, Panarese R, Hsu CD, Xie S (2023) Management of a fatal outbreak of strongyloidasis in a captive population of panther chameleons (Furcifer pardalis) with ivermectin. J Zoo Wildl Med 54(2):282\u2013291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2022-0132","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"8704_CR39","first-page":"313","volume":"42","author":"M Koudela","year":"2013","unstructured":"Koudela M, Modr\u00fd D (2013) Description of Isospora jaracimrmani sp. n. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the Yemen chameleon Chamaeleo calyptratus (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae). Folia Parasitol 42(4):313\u2013316","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol"},{"key":"8704_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kubiak M (2020) Chameleons. In: Kubiak M (ed) Handbook of Exotic Pet Medicine, 1st edn. Wiley, pp 263\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781119389934.ch15","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119389934.ch15"},{"issue":"3","key":"8704_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/10.3.301","volume":"10","author":"MMJ Lavoipierre","year":"1973","unstructured":"Lavoipierre MMJ, Rajamanickam C (1973) Experimental studies on the life cycle of a lizard pentastomid. J Med Entomol 10(3):301\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jmedent\/10.3.301","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8704_CR42","first-page":"72","volume":"20","author":"MM Lavoipierre","year":"1965","unstructured":"Lavoipierre MM, Lavoipierre M (1965) The American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, as an intermediate host of the pentastomid, Raillietiella hemidactyli. Med J Malaya 20(1):72\u201373","journal-title":"Med J Malaya"},{"key":"8704_CR45","unstructured":"Lhermitte-Vallarino N (2011) The lung nematode parasites of the genus Rhabdias (Rhabdiasidae): diversity and biology in the Chamaeleonidae (Squamata) and hypotheses on their evolution. Bull Soc Zool Fr 135(1-2):109\u2013118"},{"issue":"4","key":"8704_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2008154553","volume":"15","author":"N Lhermitte-Vallarino","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lhermitte-Vallarino N, Barbuto M, Ineich I et al (2008) First report of Rhabdias (Nematoda: Rhabdiasoidea) from lungs of montane chameleons in Cameroon: Description of two new species and notes on biology. Parasite 15(4):Article. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/parasite\/2008154553","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"issue":"4","key":"8704_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2009.07.009","volume":"58","author":"N Lhermitte-Vallarino","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lhermitte-Vallarino N, Barbuto M, Junker K, Boistel R, Ineich I, Wanji S, Bain O (2009) Rhabdias rhampholeonis n. sp. and Rhabdias mariauxi n. sp.(Nematoda, Rhabdiasoidea), first lung worms from leaf chameleons: Description, molecular evidence and notes on biology. Parasitol Int 58(4):375\u2013383","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"8704_CR46","unstructured":"Long PL (1982) The biology of the coccidia. University Park Press, Baltimore, USA, 1982, pp. 502\u2013508"},{"key":"8704_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2014046","volume":"21","author":"JP Maia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maia JP, Crottini A, Harris DJ (2014) Microscopic and molecular characterization of Hepatozoon domerguei (Apicomplexa) and Foleyella furcata (Nematoda) in wild endemic reptiles from Madagascar. Parasite 21:47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/parasite\/2014046","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"issue":"3","key":"8704_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.12834\/VetIt.7.21.3","volume":"51","author":"ML Marenzoni","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marenzoni ML, Zicavo A, Veronesi F et al (2015) Microbiological and parasitological investigation on chelonians reared in Italian facilities. Vet Ital 51(3):173\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12834\/VetIt.7.21.3","journal-title":"Vet Ital"},{"key":"8704_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marshall BM, Strine C, Hughes AC (2020) Thousands of reptile species threatened by under-regulated global trade. Nat Commun 11:Article 1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-18523-4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18523-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"8704_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s11230-012-9361-z","volume":"83","author":"CT McAllister","year":"2012","unstructured":"McAllister CT (2012) Two new species of Isospora Schneider, 1881 (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the flap-necked chameleon Chamaeleo dilepis (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae) in the Republic of Namibia. Syst Parasitol 83(1):15\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11230-012-9361-z","journal-title":"Syst Parasitol"},{"key":"8704_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106316","volume":"228","author":"JA Mendoza-Roldan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mendoza-Roldan JA, Lia RP, Tarallo VD et al (2022) Raillietiella hemidactyli (Pentastomida: Raillietiellidae) in Tarentola mauritanica geckoes: A new zoonotic parasite for Europe. Acta Trop 228:106316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106316","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"8","key":"8704_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2020.04.014","volume":"36","author":"JA Mendoza-Roldan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mendoza-Roldan JA, Modry D, Otranto D (2020) Zoonotic parasites of reptiles: A crawling threat. Trends Parasitol 36(8):677\u2013687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2020.04.014","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"6","key":"8704_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-18-484","volume":"82","author":"A M\u00fcller","year":"2019","unstructured":"M\u00fcller A, Wiedmer S, Kurth M (2019) Risk evaluation of passive transmission of animal parasites by feeding of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae and prepupae. J Food Prot 82(6):948\u2013954","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"issue":"2","key":"8704_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006476325181","volume":"48","author":"D Modr\u00fd","year":"2001","unstructured":"Modr\u00fd D, Daszak P, Volf J et al (2001) Five new species of coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from Madagascan chameleons (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae). Syst Parasitol 48(2):117\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1006476325181","journal-title":"Syst Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8704_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005728122660","volume":"37","author":"D Modr\u00fd","year":"1997","unstructured":"Modr\u00fd D, Koudela B, Volf J (1997) Four new species of Isospora Schneider, 1881 (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from reptiles from the islands of Seychelles. Syst Parasitol 37(1):73\u201378","journal-title":"Syst Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"8704_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2000)086[0373:SNSOCA]2.0.CO;2","volume":"86","author":"D Modr\u00fd","year":"2000","unstructured":"Modr\u00fd D, \u0160lapeta JR, Koudela B (2000) Six new species of coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from East African chameleons (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae). J Parasitol 86(2):373\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/0022-3395(2000)086[0373:SNSOCA]2.0.CO;2","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"8704_CR57","unstructured":"Modr\u00fd D, Sloboda M (2004) Control of coccidiosis in chameleons using toltrazuril\u2014results of an experimental trial. In: Seybold J, Mutschmann F, eds. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Pathology and Medicine in Reptiles and Amphibians. pp. 93\u201399"},{"issue":"4","key":"8704_CR53","first-page":"313","volume":"42","author":"Modr\u00fd","year":"1995","unstructured":"Modr\u00fd, Koudela DB (1995) Description of Isospora jaracimrmani sp. n. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the Yemen chameleon Chamaeleo calyptratus (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae). Folia Parasitol 42(4):313\u2013316","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol"},{"key":"8704_CR58","first-page":"400","volume":"9","author":"K Morsy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Morsy K, Ramadan N, Hashimi S, Ali M, Bashtar AR (2012) First description of the adult stages of Postorchigenes sp. (Trematoda: Lecithodendriidae) and Malagashitrema sp. (Trematoda: Homalometridae) infecting the common chameleon Chamaeleo chamaeleon (Reptilia: Chamaeleonidae) in Egypt. Life Sci J 9:400\u2013405","journal-title":"Life Sci J"},{"key":"8704_CR59","first-page":"739","volume-title":"Veterin\u00e4rmedizinische Parasitologie","author":"F Mutschmann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mutschmann F (2006) Parasitosen der Reptilien. In: Schneider T (ed) Veterin\u00e4rmedizinische Parasitologie. Parey, Berlin, pp 739\u2013769"},{"issue":"2","key":"8704_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.5818\/JHMS-D-22-00033","volume":"33","author":"MJ Nash","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nash MJ, McDermott EA, McGrew AK, Mu\u00f1oz J, Willems D (2023) A unique disease presentation associated with a mesomycetozoean-like organism in the jeweled chameleon (Furcifer campani). J Herpetol Med Surg 33(2):109\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5818\/JHMS-D-22-00033","journal-title":"J Herpetol Med Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"8704_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1515\/helmin-2015-0008","volume":"52","author":"A Okulewicz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Okulewicz A, Ka\u017amierczak M, Hildebrand J, Adamczyk M (2015) Endoparasites of lizards (Lacertilia) from captive breeding and trade networks. Helminthologia 52(1):34\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/helmin-2015-0008","journal-title":"Helminthologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"8704_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1670\/21-061","volume":"56","author":"JN Palmisano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Palmisano JN, Bockoven C, McPherson SM et al (2022) Infection experiments indicate that common Florida anurans and lizards may serve as intermediate hosts for the invasive pentastome parasite Raillietiella orientalis. J Herpetol 56(3):355\u2013361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1670\/21-061","journal-title":"J Herpetol"},{"key":"8704_CR64","unstructured":"Pantchev N (2009) Vorkommensh\u00e4ufigkeit von Endoparasiten bei Reptilien (Schildkr\u00f6ten, Echsen, Schlangen) in Menschenobhut aus der Sicht eines Untersuchungslabors. Tier\u00e4rztl Umsch 64(4 Suppl):37\u201343"},{"key":"8704_CR65","volume-title":"Parasitenbefall bei Cham\u00e4leons in Menschenobhut: Ist das ein Problem? Proc 35","author":"N Pantchev","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pantchev N (2011) Parasitenbefall bei Cham\u00e4leons in Menschenobhut: Ist das ein Problem? Proc 35. Arbeitstagung der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Amphibien- und Reptilienkrankheiten der DGHT; Bonn, Germany"},{"key":"8704_CR66","first-page":"283","volume-title":"Praktische Parasitologie bei Heimtieren: Kleins\u00e4uger-V\u00f6gel-Reptilien","author":"N Pantchev","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pantchev N (2013) Parasitosen bei Reptilien. In: Beck W, Panchev N (eds) Praktische Parasitologie bei Heimtieren: Kleins\u00e4uger-V\u00f6gel-Reptilien, 2nd edn. Schl\u00fctersche, Hannover, pp 283\u2013339","edition":"2"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"8704_CR67","first-page":"528","volume":"124","author":"N Pantchev","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pantchev N, Tappe D (2011) Pentastomiasis and other parasitic zoonoses from reptiles and amphibians. Berl M\u00fcnch Tier\u00e4rztl Wochenschr 124(11\u201312):528\u2013535","journal-title":"Berl M\u00fcnch Tier\u00e4rztl Wochenschr"},{"issue":"4","key":"8704_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2008.07.005","volume":"17","author":"JA Par\u00e9","year":"2008","unstructured":"Par\u00e9 JA (2008) An overview of pentastomiasis in reptiles and other vertebrates. J Exot Pet Med 17(4):285\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.jepm.2008.07.005","journal-title":"J Exot Pet Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"8704_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2006.12.009","volume":"175","author":"F Pasmans","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pasmans F, Blahak S, Martel A, Pantchev N (2008) Introducing reptiles into a captive collection: The role of the veterinarian. Vet J 175(1):53\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tvjl.2006.12.009","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"4","key":"8704_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.12968\/coan.2014.19.4.218","volume":"19","author":"S Pellett","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pellett S, Cope I, Fiddes M (2014) Case study: Foleyella furcata from a wild-caught graceful chameleon. Companion Anim 19(4):218\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12968\/coan.2014.19.4.218","journal-title":"Companion Anim"},{"key":"8704_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.34074\/piahw.002106","volume":"2","author":"C Pike","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pike C, Hsieh S, Baling M (2023) Monitoring infection load of oxyurid (nematoda) and Isospora (coccidia) in captive inland bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps). Perspect Anim Health Welf 2:77\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34074\/piahw.002106","journal-title":"Perspect Anim Health Welf"},{"key":"8704_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430610","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/430610","volume":"2015","author":"RE Quiroz-Casta\u00f1eda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Quiroz-Casta\u00f1eda RE, Dant\u00e1n-Gonz\u00e1lez E (2015) Control of avian coccidiosis: Future and present natural alternatives. Biomed Res Int 2015:430610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/430610","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"8704_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-53-33","volume":"53","author":"A Rataj","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rataj A, Lindtner-Knific R, Vlahovi\u0107 K, Mavri U, Dovc A (2011) Parasites in pet reptiles. Acta Vet Scand 53:33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1751-0147-53-33","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"8704_CR74","unstructured":"Reitl K, Ebmer D, K\u00fcbber-Heiss A et al (2021) Hexametra angusticaecoides (Nematoda: Ascarididae) infection in a panther chameleon (Furcifer pardalis): A case report. Wien Tier\u00e4rztl Monatsschr 11"},{"issue":"3","key":"8704_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2012.01.011","volume":"130","author":"L Rinaldi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rinaldi L, Mihalca AD, Cirillo R et al (2012) FLOTAC can detect parasitic and pseudoparasitic elements in reptiles. Exp Parasitol 130(3):282\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exppara.2012.01.011","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"8704_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rom B, Kornas S, Basiaga M (2018) Endoparasites of pet reptiles based on coproscopic methods. Ann Parasitol 64(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17420\/ap6402.142","DOI":"10.17420\/ap6402.142"},{"key":"8704_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101045","volume":"26","author":"P Sapion-Miranda","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sapion-Miranda P, Ebmer D, Kniha E et al (2025) First identification of a patent pentastomid pulmonary (Raillietiella orientalis) infection in a captive Meller\u2019s chameleon (Trioceros melleri) in Germany. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 26:101045","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl"},{"issue":"1","key":"8704_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.21608\/evmspj.2018.33974","volume":"14","author":"NS Satour","year":"2018","unstructured":"Satour NS, Dewir AW (2018) Some internal parasites of reptiles in Alexandria Province, Egypt. Egypt Vet Med Soc Parasitol J 14(1):98\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/evmspj.2018.33974","journal-title":"Egypt Vet Med Soc Parasitol J"},{"key":"8704_CR79","unstructured":"Schneller P, Pantchev N (2008) Parasitologie bei Schlangen, Echsen und Schildkr\u00f6ten: Ein Handbuch f\u00fcr die Reptilienhaltung. Edition Chimaira Frankfurt am Main"},{"key":"8704_CR80","first-page":"1260","volume":"54","author":"ME Sergent","year":"1902","unstructured":"Sergent ME (1902) Sur une coccidie nouvelle parasite du cameleon vulgaire. Comptes Rendus Soc Biol 54:1260\u20131261","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Soc Biol"},{"key":"8704_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2006.012","volume":"53","author":"M Sloboda","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sloboda M, Modr\u00fd D (2006) New species of Choleoeimeria (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the veiled chameleon, Chamaeleo calyptratus (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae), with taxonomic revision of eimerian coccidia from chameleons. Folia Parasitol 53:91\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14411\/fp.2006.012","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol"},{"key":"8704_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stacy BA (2021) Reptile necropsy techniques. In: Jacobson ER, Garner MM (eds) Infectious diseases and pathology of reptiles: Color atlas and text, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 331\u2013374","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429155567-4"},{"key":"8704_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.36016\/JVMBBS-2019-5-4-4","volume":"5","author":"O Stets","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stets O (2019) Parasites of panther chameleons (Furcifer pardalis) grown in captivity and brought from the wild. J Vet Med Biotechnol Biosaf 5:15\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36016\/JVMBBS-2019-5-4-4","journal-title":"J Vet Med Biotechnol Biosaf"},{"issue":"1","key":"8704_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2001)032[0115:ITIACC]2.0.CO;2","volume":"32","author":"Z Sz\u00e9ll","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sz\u00e9ll Z, Sr\u00e9ter T, Varga I (2001) Ivermectin toxicosis in a chameleon (Chamaeleo senegalensis) infected with Foleyella furcata. J Zoo Wildl Med 32(1):115\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/1042-7260(2001)032[0115:ITIACC]2.0.CO;2","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"8704_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2208.151895","volume":"22","author":"D Tappe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tappe D, Sulyok M, Riu T, \u0301ozsa R, \u0301o LB, Schoen I, Muntau CB, Babocsay G, Hardi R (2016) Co-infections in visceral pentastomiasis. Democratic republic of the congo. Emerg Infect Dis 22:1333","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"8704_CR88","unstructured":"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (2019) IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/en. Accessed 01 Mar 2023"},{"issue":"12","key":"8704_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10122371","volume":"10","author":"E Toland","year":"2020","unstructured":"Toland E, Bando M, Hamers M, Cadenas V, Laidlaw R, Mart\u00ednez-Silvestre A, van der Wielen P (2020) Turning negatives into positives for pet trading and keeping: A review of positive lists. Animals 10(12):2371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani10122371","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"2","key":"8704_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020438","volume":"11","author":"M Walden","year":"2021","unstructured":"Walden M, Mitchell MA (2021) Pathogenesis of Isospora amphiboluri in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps). Animals 11(2):438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11020438","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"8704_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wellehan JFX, Walden HDS (2019) Parasitology (including hemoparasites). In: Divers SJ, Stahl SJ (eds) Mader\u2019s Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery. Elsevier Health Sciences, St. Louis, pp 281\u2013300.e3","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-48253-0.00032-5"},{"issue":"4","key":"8704_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000014347","volume":"12","author":"CM Wenyon","year":"1920","unstructured":"Wenyon CM (1920) Observations on the intestinal protozoa of three Egyptian lizards, with a note on a cell-invading fungus. Parasitology 12(4):350\u2013365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0031182000014347","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"2","key":"8704_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S1055-937X(96)80019-3","volume":"5","author":"SC Wilson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wilson SC, Carpenter JW (1996) Endoparasitic diseases of reptiles. Semin Avian Exot Pet Med 5(2):64\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1055-937X(96)80019-3","journal-title":"Semin Avian Exot Pet Med"},{"key":"8704_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-014-0044-4","volume":"56","author":"D Wolf","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wolf D, Vrhovec MG, Failing K, Rossier C, Hermosilla C, Pantchev N (2014) Diagnosis of gastrointestinal parasites in reptiles: Comparison of two coprological methods. Acta Vet Scand 56:44. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13028-014-0044-4","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"issue":"3","key":"8704_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2307\/20094704","volume":"15","author":"P Zwart","year":"1984","unstructured":"Zwart P, Teunis SFM, Cornelissen JMM (1984) Monocercomoniasis in reptiles. J Zoo Anim Med 15(3):129\u2013134","journal-title":"J Zoo Anim Med"}],"container-title":["Parasitology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00436-026-08704-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00436-026-08704-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00436-026-08704-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T03:27:15Z","timestamp":1780975635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00436-026-08704-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8704"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-026-08704-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0932-0113","1432-1955"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0932-0113","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1955","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was not required for the study in accordance with the local and institutional requirements because the study involved naturally deceased animals and faecal samples. Faecal samples were submitted by owners and veterinarians and analyzed at exomed GmbH laboratories without any disturbance to the animals. Tissue samples and parasites were exclusively collected postmortem from deceased animals and examined at exomed GmbH.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics, consent to participate, and consent to publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"69"}}