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This study investigated the genetic diversity, population structure, and benzimidazole resistance of\n                    <jats:italic>A. lumbricoides<\/jats:italic>\n                    across three endemic regions of Thailand using mitochondrial (\n                    <jats:italic>cox1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>nad1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and nuclear (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2-tubulin<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) markers. Haplotype network analysis identified 13 haplotypes within the Thailand dataset, including three newly identified haplotypes, indicating measurable genetic diversity at the local scale. When analyzed in a global context incorporating reference sequences, substantially higher haplotype diversity was observed, reflecting broad genetic diversity across geographic regions. Despite this diversity, no clear geographic structuring was detected among Thai populations, suggesting ongoing gene flow and population connectivity. Phylogenetic analyses further demonstrated that all isolates clustered within a single major lineage and shared haplotypes with\n                    <jats:italic>Ascaris suum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (infecting pig), supporting genetic overlap and potential zoonotic transmission. Analysis of the\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2-tubulin<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene revealed exclusively wild-type alleles at codons 167, 198, and 200, with no evidence of mutations associated with benzimidazole resistance. Overall, this study demonstrates measurable genetic diversity in Thailand\u2019s\n                    <jats:italic>A. lumbricoides<\/jats:italic>\n                    populations, with no evidence of clear geographic structuring. These findings provide baseline molecular data to support future surveillance of transmission dynamics and anthelmintic resistance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-026-08727-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T09:31:25Z","timestamp":1784539885000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genetic diversity, population structure, and benzimidazole resistance profiling of Ascaris lumbricoides in northwestern Thailand"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"Poom","family":"Adisakwattana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tippayarat","family":"Yoonuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorn","family":"Watthanakulpanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patsakorn","family":"Boonkead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kateisara","family":"Phaiphilai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orawan","family":"Phuphisut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"8727_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04290-0","volume":"13","author":"P Adisakwattana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adisakwattana P, Yoonuan T, Phuphisut O, Poodeepiyasawat A, Homsuwan N, Gordon CA, McManus DP, Atkinson LE, Mousley A, Gobert GN (2020) Clinical helminthiases in Thailand border regions show elevated prevalence levels using qPCR diagnostics combined with traditional microscopic methods. 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Certificate no: MUTM 2024\u2013080\u201301 and MUTM 2024\u2013080\u201302. In addition, partial\n                      A. lumbricoides\n                      adult samples were obtained from a previous study approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University (Certificate no: MUTM 2021\u2013020\u201302). This study has been approved by the Faculty of Tropical Medicine \u2013 Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (FTM-IACUC) Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. Certificate no: FTM \u2013 ACUC 026\/2024E. This study has been approved by Institutional Biosafety Committee, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. Certificate no: TM 2024\u2013024 and TM 2026\u2013004. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. All activities conducted in this study received the approval of informed consent from the participants before they were performed.The results from fecal examinations have been reported to health-promoting hospitals in the targeted areas for further action by local medical doctors or health officers following the treatment guidelines provided by the Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"124"}}