{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T19:16:47Z","timestamp":1793387807058,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Genet Genomics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Intrauterine adhesion (IUA) refer to persistent inflammation and fibrosis due to damaged or infected endometrium and eventually lead to dysfunction. This study aimed to explore the therapeutic effects of exosomes (Exos) derived from placental mesenchymal stem cells (PMSCs) on endometrial repair in a rat model of IUA and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. PMSCs were characterized using flow cytometry and differentiation assays (osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic). Exos were isolated via ultracentrifugation and validated through transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis and Western blot. An IUA model was established via electrocoagulation, and endometrial repair was assessed using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Masson staining. RNA sequencing, differential expression analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction were employed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of PMSC Exos mediated repair. The role of miR-143 in targeting MyD88 and modulating the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway was confirmed using Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay and qRT-PCR. PMSC Exos significantly improved endometrial thickness, increased glandular number and reduced fibrosis in the IUA model. RNA sequencing and differential expression analysis screened 3980 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) common to the IUA vs normal groups and Exo vs IUA groups. Enrichment analysis revealed significant involvement of immune system processes, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity and NF-\u03baB signaling. PMSC Exos delivered miR-143, which targeted MyD88, thereby regulating the NF-\u03baB pathway. PMSC Exos effectively repaired endometrial damage in the IUA model by modulating the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway through miR-143 delivery. These findings suggest that PMSC Exos hold promise as a novel therapeutic strategy for IUA, offering insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying endometrial repair.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00438-025-02241-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T11:08:15Z","timestamp":1743073695000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Placental mesenchymal stem cell\u2013derived exosomes treat endometrial injury in a rat model of intrauterine adhesions"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"300","author":[{"given":"Lin","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huidong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9423-3785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaowei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2241_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2022.103693","volume":"153","author":"A Abudukeyoumu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abudukeyoumu A et al (2022) A LIGHT-HVEM\/LTbetaR axis contributes to the fibrosis of intrauterine adhesion. J Reprod Immunol 153:103693","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"2241_CR2","first-page":"8526104","volume":"2017","author":"Y Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen Y et al (2017) Effects of aspirin and intrauterine balloon on endometrial repair and reproductive prognosis in patients with severe intrauterine adhesion: a prospective cohort study. Biomed Res Int 2017:8526104","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"2241_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-01612-y","volume":"11","author":"QH Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen QH et al (2020) Mesenchymal stem cells regulate the Th17\/Treg cell balance partly through hepatocyte growth factor in vitro. Stem Cell Res Ther 11(1):91","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"2241_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-020-03600-0","volume":"78","author":"LA Costa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Costa LA et al (2021) Functional heterogeneity of mesenchymal stem cells from natural niches to culture conditions: implications for further clinical uses. Cell Mol Life Sci 78(2):447\u2013467","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2241_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2018.05.017","volume":"37","author":"J Duan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Duan J et al (2018) The M2a macrophage subset may be critically involved in the fibrogenesis of endometriosis in mice. Reprod Biomed Online 37(3):254\u2013268","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"2241_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Expression of Concern: miR-143-3p impacts on pulmonary inflammatory factors and cell apoptosis in mice with mycoplasmal pneumonia by regulating TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-kappaB pathway. Biosci Rep, 2021. 41(4): BSR-20193419_EOC","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR-20193419_EOC"},{"issue":"10","key":"2241_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2015-0367","volume":"5","author":"S Fang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fang S et al (2016) Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal microRNAs suppress Myofibroblast differentiation by inhibiting the transforming growth factor-beta\/SMAD2 pathway during wound healing. Stem Cells Transl Med 5(10):1425\u20131439","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2241_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2017.02.003","volume":"19","author":"L Gan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gan L et al (2017) Human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cell transplantation improves endometrial regeneration in rodent models of intrauterine adhesions. Cytotherapy 19(5):603\u2013616","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"2241_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12112","volume":"137","author":"L Gan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gan L et al (2017) Efficacy of freeze-dried amnion graft following hysteroscopic adhesiolysis of severe intrauterine adhesions. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 137(2):116\u2013122","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"2241_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2021.101676","volume":"74","author":"M Gao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gao M et al (2022) Mesenchymal stem cells therapy: a promising method for the treatment of uterine scars and premature ovarian failure. Tissue Cell 74:101676","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"2241_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmt045","volume":"20","author":"AB Hooker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hooker AB et al (2014) Systematic review and meta-analysis of intrauterine adhesions after miscarriage: prevalence, risk factors and long-term reproductive outcome. Hum Reprod Update 20(2):262\u201378","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"5","key":"2241_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.02.113","volume":"107","author":"AB Hooker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hooker AB et al (2017) Prevalence of intrauterine adhesions after the application of hyaluronic acid gel after dilatation and curettage in women with at least one previous curettage: short-term outcomes of a multicenter, prospective randomized controlled trial. Fertil Steril 107(5):1223-1231e3","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"1","key":"2241_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-02990-1","volume":"13","author":"Q Hua","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hua Q et al (2022) Human umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs trans-differentiate into endometrial cells and regulate Th17\/Treg balance through NF-kappaB signaling in rabbit intrauterine adhesions endometrium. Stem Cell Res Ther 13(1):301","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"2241_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04848-8","volume":"9","author":"AM Kelleher","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kelleher AM et al (2018) Uterine glands coordinate on-time embryo implantation and impact endometrial decidualization for pregnancy success. Nat Commun 9(1):2435","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2241_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168096","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/168096","volume":"2010","author":"M Koskas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Koskas M et al (2010) Office hysteroscopy for infertility: a series of 557 consecutive cases. Obstet Gynecol Int 2010:168096","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"2241_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10040711","volume":"10","author":"BC Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee BC, Kang I, Yu KR (2021) Therapeutic features and updated clinical trials of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes. J Clin Med 10(4):711","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2241_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-020-00343-y","volume":"28","author":"RK Leung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leung RK, Lin Y, Liu Y (2021) Recent advances in understandings towards pathogenesis and treatment for intrauterine adhesion and disruptive insights from single-cell analysis. Reprod Sci 28(7):1812\u20131826","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"2241_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945234","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.945234","volume":"13","author":"J Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li J et al (2022) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-primed mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promote M2 macrophage polarization via Galectin-1 and modify intrauterine adhesion on a novel murine model. Front Immunol 13:945234","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2241_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2022.05.018","volume":"46","author":"X Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li X et al (2023) Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes reverse endometrial fibrosis by the miR-145-5p\/ZEB2 axis in intrauterine adhesions. Reprod Biomed Online 46(2):234\u2013243","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"issue":"11","key":"2241_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2007235","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202007235","volume":"17","author":"J Lin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lin J et al (2021) Microenvironment-protected exosome-hydrogel for facilitating endometrial regeneration, fertility restoration, and live birth of offspring. Small 17(11):e2007235","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"2241_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948628","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.948628","volume":"13","author":"HD Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu HD, Wang SW (2022) Role of noncoding RNA in the pathophysiology and treatment of intrauterine adhesion. Front Genet 13:948628","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"issue":"14","key":"2241_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1900411","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201900411","volume":"8","author":"F Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu F et al (2019) Hyaluronic acid hydrogel integrated with mesenchymal stem cell-secretome to treat endometrial injury in a rat model of asherman\u2019s syndrome. Adv Healthc Mater 8(14):e1900411","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"issue":"3","key":"2241_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1159\/000505691","volume":"85","author":"Y Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu Y et al (2020) Collagen scaffold with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells remarkably improves intrauterine adhesions in a rat model. Gynecol Obstet Invest 85(3):267\u2013276","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"issue":"4","key":"2241_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0132422","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01324-22","volume":"10","author":"NN Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu NN et al (2022) Mycobiome dysbiosis in women with intrauterine adhesions. Microbiol Spectr 10(4):e0132422","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"11","key":"2241_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.14449","volume":"46","author":"H Ma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ma H et al (2020) Intrauterine transplantation of autologous menstrual blood stem cells increases endometrial thickness and pregnancy potential in patients with refractory intrauterine adhesion. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 46(11):2347\u20132355","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2241_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.11951","volume":"47","author":"Y Mao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mao Y et al (2023) Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells promote endometrium regeneration in a rat model of intrauterine adhesion. Cell Biol Int 47(1):75\u201385","journal-title":"Cell Biol Int"},{"issue":"10","key":"2241_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5362","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105362","volume":"23","author":"T Maraldi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maraldi T, Russo V (2022) Amniotic fluid and placental membranes as sources of stem cells: progress and challenges. Int J Mol Sci 23(10):5362","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2241_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2010.11.018","volume":"23","author":"CM March","year":"2011","unstructured":"March CM (2011) Management of asherman\u2019s syndrome. Reprod Biomed Online 23(1):63\u201376","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"issue":"6","key":"2241_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13379","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13379","volume":"85","author":"J Min","year":"2021","unstructured":"Min J et al (2021) Phenotype and biological characteristics of endometrial mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells: a comparison between intrauterine adhesion patients and healthy women. Am J Reprod Immunol 85(6):e13379","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2241_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2014.09.001","volume":"35","author":"J Patel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Patel J et al (2014) Novel isolation strategy to deliver pure fetal-origin and maternal-origin mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) populations from human term placenta. Placenta 35(11):969\u201371","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"issue":"1","key":"2241_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1484-6","volume":"10","author":"G Qiu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Qiu G et al (2019) Functional proteins of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles. Stem Cell Res Ther 10(1):359","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"issue":"18","key":"2241_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10855","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15714","volume":"24","author":"B Qiu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qiu B et al (2020) Curcumin reinforces MSC-derived exosomes in attenuating osteoarthritis via modulating the miR-124\/NF-kB and miR-143\/ROCK1\/TLR9 signalling pathways. J Cell Mol Med 24(18):10855\u201310865","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2241_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-009-1117-x","volume":"281","author":"KK Roy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Roy KK et al (2010) Reproductive outcome following hysteroscopic adhesiolysis in patients with infertility due to asherman\u2019s syndrome. Arch Gynecol Obstet 281(2):355\u201361","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2241_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2012.11.003","volume":"32","author":"ZJ Rutnam","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rutnam ZJ, Wight TN, Yang BB (2013) miRNAs regulate expression and function of extracellular matrix molecules. Matrix Biol 32(2):74\u201385","journal-title":"Matrix Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2241_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-021-02248-1","volume":"16","author":"Y Su","year":"2021","unstructured":"Su Y et al (2021) Mesenchymal stem cell-originated exosomal lncRNA HAND2-AS1 impairs rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocyte activation through miR-143-3p\/TNFAIP3\/NF-kappaB pathway. J Orthop Surg Res 16(1):116","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2241_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2022.2055478","volume":"51","author":"W Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun W et al (2022) Mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes ameliorate lupus by inducing M2 macrophage polarization and regulatory T cell expansion in MRL\/lpr mice. Immunol Invest 51(6):1785\u20131803","journal-title":"Immunol Invest"},{"issue":"9","key":"2241_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15399","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.14853","volume":"8","author":"X Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang X et al (2017) Elevated NF-kappaB signaling in asherman syndrome patients and animal models. Oncotarget 8(9):15399\u201315406","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"2241_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.06.029","volume":"113","author":"L Xin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xin L et al (2020) A scaffold laden with mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes for promoting endometrium regeneration and fertility restoration through macrophage immunomodulation. Acta Biomater 113:252\u2013266","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"issue":"12","key":"2241_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0146159","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146159","volume":"10","author":"X Xue","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xue X et al (2015) The overexpression of TGF-beta and CCN2 in Intrauterine adhesions involves the NF-kappaB signaling pathway. PLoS One 10(12):e0146159","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"2241_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1332-8","volume":"10","author":"Y Yao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yao Y et al (2019) Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells reverse EMT via TGF-beta1\/Smad pathway and promote repair of damaged endometrium. Stem Cell Res Ther 10(1):225","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"2241_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-0777-5","volume":"9","author":"L Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang L et al (2018) Therapeutic effect of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells on injured rat endometrium during its chronic phase. Stem Cell Res Ther 9(1):36","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"2241_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-019-00112-6","volume":"27","author":"S Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao S et al (2020) Exosomes derived from adipose mesenchymal stem cells restore functional endometrium in a rat model of intrauterine adhesions. Reprod Sci 27(6):1266\u20131275","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"2241_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2818433","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2818433","volume":"2022","author":"Y Zheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zheng Y et al (2022) circPTP4A2-miR-330-5p-PDK2 signaling facilitates in vivo survival of HuMSCs on SF-SIS scaffolds and improves the repair of damaged endometrium. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2022:2818433","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"}],"container-title":["Molecular Genetics and Genomics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00438-025-02241-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00438-025-02241-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00438-025-02241-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]],"date-time":"2025-03-30T08:16:44Z","timestamp":1743322604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00438-025-02241-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2241"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00438-025-02241-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1617-4615","1617-4623"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1617-4615","type":"print"},{"value":"1617-4623","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.Ethical approval and consent to participationAnimal experiments were performed in compliance with the guidelines of Beijing Laboratory Animal Management Office(MDSW-2023-048C.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study was undertaken with the hospital\u2019s consent.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"36"}}