{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T10:49:34Z","timestamp":1782730174262,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Thessaly Central Library"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Genet Genomics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study aimed to compare the microbial profiles between hospital wastewater and river water to assess the dissemination of clinical isolates into the environment. Two types of water samples were collected from sampling sites which were geographically close (wastewater from the University Hospital of Larissa and river water from the Pineios River). Gram-negative bacteria isolated from both sample types were identified using MALDI-TOF. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics were evaluated. A total of 54 Gram-negative isolates, belonging to diverse species, were collected from wastewater sample and river sample. All isolates were classified as MDR, exhibiting resistance to at least one agent from more than three different antibiotic classes. Based on species identification and susceptibility profiles, 27 isolates (19 from wastewater and 8 from river-water) were selected to be further characterized by whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Analysis of WGS data, revealed the presence of different STs, even in isolates belonging to the same bacterial species. Additionally, WGS data showed that carbapenemase-encoding genes were identified in the majority of isolates. PlasmidFinder identified a huge variety of plasmid replicons among the isolates studied. In conclusion, both hospital wastewater and river water contained isolates carrying clinically relevant resistance determinants, such as carbapenemase-encoding genes. The presence of these pathogenic bacteria in the river poses a significant public health concern. Although we could not identify the origin of MDR bacteria in the river sample, these findings highlight the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance in the environment and underscore the urgent need for improved treatment methods and stricter surveillance to control its spread.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00438-026-02478-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T10:43:04Z","timestamp":1782729784000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of microbial profiles between hospital wastewater and river water"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"301","author":[{"given":"Lazaros A.","family":"Gagaletsios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsolaire","family":"Sourenian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Karpouzas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Bitar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Costas","family":"Papagiannitsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2478_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.001082","volume":"9","author":"AO Afolayan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Afolayan AO, Rigatou A, Grundmann H, Pantazatou A, Daikos G, Reuter S (2023) Three Klebsiella pneumoniae lineages causing bloodstream infections variably dominated within a Greek hospital over a 15 year period. Microb Genom 9:mgen001082. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/mgen.0.001082","journal-title":"Microb Genom"},{"key":"2478_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s002449900501","volume":"37","author":"A Al-Ahmad","year":"1999","unstructured":"Al-Ahmad A, Daschner FD, Kummerer K (1999) Biodegradability of cefotiam, ciprofloxacin, meropenem, penicillin G, and sulfamethoxazole and inhibition of waste water bacteria. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 37:158\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s002449900501","journal-title":"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"2478_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.01.046","volume":"512","author":"J Alexander","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alexander J, Bollmann A, Seitz W, Schwartz T (2015) Microbiological characterization of aquatic microbiomes targeting taxo-nomical marker genes and antibiotic resistance genes of opportunistic bacteria. Sci Total Environ 512:316\u2013325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.01.046","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2478_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-12-402","volume":"12","author":"NF Alikhan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alikhan NF, Petty NK, Ben Zakour NL, Beatson SA (2011) BLAST ring image generator (BRIG): simple prokaryote genome comparisons. BMC Genomics 12:402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2164-12-402","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"2478_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/10934529.2015.964602","volume":"50","author":"PP Amador","year":"2015","unstructured":"Amador PP, Fernandes RM, Prud\u00eancio MC, Barreto MP, Duarte IM (2015) Antibiotic resistance in wastewater: occurrence and fate of enterobacteriaceae producers of class A and class C \u03b2-lactamases. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 50:26\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10934529.2015.964602","journal-title":"J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng"},{"key":"2478_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.06.228","volume":"572","author":"J Bengtsson-Palme","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bengtsson-Palme J, Hammar\u00e9n R, Pal C, \u00d6stman M, Bj\u00f6rlenius B, Flach CF, Fick J, Kristiansson E, Tysklind M, Larsson DGJ (2016) Elucidating selection processes for antibiotic resistance in sewage treatment plants using metagenomics. Sci Total Environ 572:697\u2013712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.06.228","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2478_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.993240","volume":"13","author":"I Bitar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bitar I, Papagiannitsis CC, Kraftova L, Marchetti VM, Petinaki E, Finianos M, Chudejova K, Zemlickova H, Hrabak J (2023) Implication of different replicons in the spread of the VIM-1-encoding integron, In110, in Enterobacterales from Czech hospitals. Front Microbiol 13:993240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.993240","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2478_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7915.2010.00216.x","volume":"4","author":"R Boesten","year":"2011","unstructured":"Boesten R, Schuren F, Ben Amor K, Haarman M, Knol J, de Vos WM (2011) Bifidobacterium population analysis in the infant gut by direct mapping of genomic hybridization patterns: potential for monitoring temporal development and effects of dietary regimens. Microb Biotechnol 4:417\u2013427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1751-7915.2010.00216.x","journal-title":"Microb Biotechnol"},{"key":"2478_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa345","volume":"75","author":"V Bortolaia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bortolaia V, Kaas RS, Ruppe E, Roberts MC, Schwarz S, Cattoir V, Philippon A, Allesoe RL, Rebelo AR, Florensa AF, Fagelhauer L, Chakraborty T, Neumann B, Werner G, Bender JK, Stingl K, Nguyen M, Coppens J, Xavier BB, Malhotra-Kumar S, Aarestrup FM (2020) ResFinder 4.0 for predictions of phenotypes from genotypes. J Antimicrob Chemother 75:3491\u20133500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkaa345","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2478_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3895","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02412-14","volume":"58","author":"A Carattoli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Carattoli A, Zankari E, Garc\u00eda-Fern\u00e1ndez A, Voldby Larsen M, Lund O, Villa L, M\u00f8ller Aarestrup F, Hasman H (2014) In silico detection and typing of plasmids using PlasmidFinder and plasmid multilocus sequence typing. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:3895\u20133903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.02412-14","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2478_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14060567","volume":"14","author":"M Chatzidimitriou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chatzidimitriou M, Tsolakidou P, Kyriazidi MA, Varlamis S, Frydas IS, Mavridou M, Mitka S (2025) Report of high-risk carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae ST307 clone producing KPC-2, SHV-106, CTX-M-15, and VEB-1 in Greece. Antibiotics 14:567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics14060567","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"2478_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.5152\/actavet.2021.21006","volume":"47","author":"G Cufaoglu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cufaoglu G, Acar B, Cengiz G, Ayaz ND, Goncuoglu M (2021) Mono- and mixed-species biofilm ormation by Salmonella infantis, Salmonella kentucky, Enterococcus faecium, and Enterococcus faecalis. Acta Vet Eurasia 47:149\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5152\/actavet.2021.21006","journal-title":"Acta Vet Eurasia"},{"key":"2478_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.070","volume":"130","author":"H Du","year":"2018","unstructured":"Du H, Harata N, Li F (2018) Responses of riverbed sediment bacteria to heavy metals: integrated evaluation based on bacterial density, activity and community structure under well-controlled sequencing batch incubation conditions. Water Res 130:115\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.070","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"2478_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2005.08.006","volume":"209","author":"E Espigares","year":"2006","unstructured":"Espigares E, Bueno A, Espigares M, G\u00e1lvez R (2006) Isolation of Salmonella serotypes in wastewater and effluent: effect of treatment and potential risk. Int J Hyg Environ Health 209:103\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijheh.2005.08.006","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"2478_CR15","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing","year":"2003","unstructured":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (2003) Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibacterial agents by broth dilution. Clin Microbiol Infect 9:1\u20137","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2478_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2024.0226","volume":"31","author":"LA Gagaletsios","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gagaletsios LA, Bitar I, Papagiannitsis CC (2025a) Isolation of carbapenemase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa from a waste-water sample collected from a Greek University Hospital. Microb Drug Resist 31:94\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/mdr.2024.0226","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"key":"2478_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s00438-025-02258-2","volume":"300","author":"LA Gagaletsios","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gagaletsios LA, Tagkalegkas A, Bitar I, Papagiannitsis CC (2025b) Exploring virulence characteristics of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates recovered from a Greek hospital. Mol Genet Genomics 300:52. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00438-025-02258-2","journal-title":"Mol Genet Genomics"},{"key":"2478_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2020.05.008","volume":"22","author":"V Galani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Galani V, Papagiannitsis CC, Petinaki E (2020) First description of ST409 OXA-23-producing Acinetobacter baumannii, carrying a CST8 CRISPR\/Cas system, in central Greece. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 22:137\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgar.2020.05.008","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"2478_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119978","volume":"312","author":"FZ Gao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gao FZ, He LY, Hu LX, Chen J, Yang YY, He LX, Bai H, Liu YS, Zhao JL, Ying GG (2022) The variations of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in two subtropical large river basins of south China: anthropogenic impacts and environmental risks. Environ Pollut 312:119978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119978","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2478_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159059","volume":"857","author":"S Gupta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gupta S, Graham DW, Sreekrishnan TR, Ahammad SZ (2023) Heavy metal and antibiotic resistance in four Indian and UK rivers with different levels and types of water pollution. Sci Total Environ 857:159059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159059","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2478_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700934","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1700934","volume":"16","author":"Y Hu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hu Y, Lu X, Sun Y, Yu M, Zhang L, Jiang J, Li J (2025) Clinical and genomic characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae in a district hospital in Chengdu, China. Front Microbiol 16:1700934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1700934","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2478_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2838","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.6.2838-2842.2002","volume":"68","author":"A Iversen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Iversen A, K\u00fchn I, Franklin A, M\u00f6llby R (2002) High prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in Swedish sewage. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:2838\u20132842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.68.6.2838-2842.2002","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2478_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17744","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-4988-3","volume":"22","author":"P Kokkinos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kokkinos P, Mandilara G, Nikolaidou A, Velegraki A, Theodoratos P, Kampa D, Blougoura A, Christopoulou A, Smeti E, Kamizoulis G, Vantarakis A, Mavridou A (2015) Performance of three small-scale wastewater treatment plants. A challenge for possible re use. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 22:17744\u201317752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-015-4988-3","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"2478_CR24","first-page":"59","volume":"92","author":"H Kruse","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kruse H (1999) Indirect transfer of antibiotic resistance genes to man. Acta Vet Scand Suppl 92:59\u201365","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand Suppl"},{"key":"2478_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06094-11","volume":"50","author":"MV Larsen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Larsen MV, Cosentino S, Rasmussen S, Friis C, Hasman H, Marvig RL, Jelsbak L, Sicheritz-Pont\u00e9n T, Ussery DW, Aarestrup FM, Lund O (2012) Multilocus sequence typing of total-genome-sequenced bacteria. J Clin Microbiol 50:1355\u20131361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.06094-11","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2478_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4493","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00175-10","volume":"54","author":"A Leavitt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Leavitt A, Chmelnitsky I, Carmeli Y, Navon-Venezia S (2010) Complete nucleotide sequence of KPC-3-encoding plasmid pKpQIL in the epidemic Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 258. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:4493\u20134496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.00175-10","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2478_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5318","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-013-2361-y","volume":"21","author":"FS Lucas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lucas FS, Therial C, Gon\u00e7alves A, Servais P, Rocher V, Mouchel JM (2014) Variation of raw wastewater microbiological quality in dry and wet weather conditions. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 21:5318\u20135328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-013-2361-y","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"2478_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","volume":"18","author":"AP Magiorakos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, Carmeli Y, Falagas ME, Giske CG, Harbarth S, Hindler JF, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B, Paterson DL, Rice LB, Stelling J, Struelens MJ, Vatopoulos A, Weber JT, Monnet DL (2012) Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 18:268\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2478_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0036325","DOI":"10.1128\/mra.00363-25","volume":"14","author":"G Mboowa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mboowa G, Kidenya BR, Sserwadda I, Kanyerezi S, Akaro IL, Mkinze B, Seni J (2025) Genomic characterization of Citrobacter freundii clinical isolates from Tanzania. Microbiol Resour Announc 14:e0036325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mra.00363-25","journal-title":"Microbiol Resour Announc"},{"key":"2478_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01811","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01811-17","volume":"61","author":"CC Papagiannitsis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Papagiannitsis CC, Medvecky M, Chudejova K, Skalova A, Rotova V, Spanelova P, Jakubu V, Zemlickova H, Hrabak J, Czech Participants of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (2017) Molecular characterization of carbapenemase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa of Czech origin and evidence for clonal spread of extensively resistant Sequence Type 357 expressing IMP-7 metallo-\u03b2-lactamase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 61:e01811\u2013e01817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.01811-17","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2478_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2024.149181","volume":"939","author":"A Patnaik","year":"2025","unstructured":"Patnaik A, Kumar Rai S, Kumar Dhaked R (2025) Genes encoding antibiotic modifying enzymes conferring resistance against aminoglycosides in bacteria: their identification and detection from wastewater. Gene 939:149181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gene.2024.149181","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"2478_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134023","volume":"697","author":"M Pazda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pazda M, Kumirska J, Stepnowski P, Mulkiewicz E (2019) Antibiotic resistance genes identified in wastewater treatment plant systems - a review. Sci Total Environ 697:134023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134023","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2478_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.3390\/mi16080934","volume":"16","author":"D Pinamonti","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pinamonti D, Vidic J, Maifreni M, Cossettini A, Leguillier V, Manzano M (2025) Water-mediated dissemination and detection of antibiotic resistance across livestock, agri-food, and aquaculture systems. Micromachines (Basel) 16:934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi16080934","journal-title":"Micromachines (Basel)"},{"key":"2478_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103540","DOI":"10.1136\/ebnurs-2022-103540","volume":"e2022","author":"R Ranjbar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ranjbar R, Alam M (2023) Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators (2022). Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Evid Based Nurs e2022:103540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ebnurs-2022-103540","journal-title":"Evid Based Nurs"},{"key":"2478_CR35","unstructured":"Seeman T (2015) Snippy: fast bacterial variant calling from NGS reads. Available online at: https:\/\/github.com\/tseemann\/snippy"},{"key":"2478_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00399","volume":"3","author":"C Seiler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Seiler C, Berendonk TU (2012) Heavy metal driven co-selection of antibiotic resistance in soil and water bodies impacted by agriculture and aquaculture. Front Microbiol 3:399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00399","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2478_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00791","volume":"6","author":"N Singhal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Singhal N, Kumar M, Kanaujia PK, Virdi JS (2015) MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: an emerging technology for microbial identification and diagnosis. Front Microbiol 6:791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00791","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2478_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2010.06.005","volume":"389","author":"P Verlicchi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Verlicchi P, Galletti A, Petrovic M, Barcelo D (2010) Hospital effluents as a source of emerging pollutants: an overview of micropollutants and sustainable treatment options. J Hydrol 389:416\u2013428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2010.06.005","journal-title":"J Hydrol"},{"key":"2478_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7542","DOI":"10.4238\/2014.September.12.21","volume":"13","author":"ZH Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang ZH, Yang JQ, Zhang DJ, Zhou J, Zhang CD, Su XR, Li TW (2014) Composition and structure of microbial communities associated with different domestic sewage outfalls. Genet Mol Res 13:7542\u20137552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4238\/2014.September.12.21","journal-title":"Genet Mol Res"},{"key":"2478_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2011.00268.x","volume":"35","author":"N Woodford","year":"2011","unstructured":"Woodford N, Turton JF, Livermore DM (2011) Multiresistant Gram-negative bacteria: the role of high-risk clones in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance. FEMS Microbiol Rev 35:736\u2013755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2011.00268.x","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2478_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120032","volume":"314","author":"C Xu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Xu C, Zhu C, Duan Y, Xie B, He D, Lv W, Zhang H (2026) The bidirectional ecological effects of earthworms on antibiotics and resistance genes in soil ecosystems: health risks under one health framework. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 314:120032. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120032","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"}],"container-title":["Molecular Genetics and Genomics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00438-026-02478-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00438-026-02478-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00438-026-02478-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T10:43:10Z","timestamp":1782729790000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00438-026-02478-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2478"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00438-026-02478-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1617-4615","1617-4623"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1617-4615","type":"print"},{"value":"1617-4623","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"150"}}