{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T08:40:30Z","timestamp":1792226430941,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,21]],"date-time":"2006-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1164067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Genet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,18]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-006-0291-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,20]],"date-time":"2006-11-20T07:38:38Z","timestamp":1164008318000},"page":"779-788","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":185,"title":["A novel polymorphism associated with lactose tolerance in Africa: multiple causes for lactase persistence?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Catherine J. E.","family":"Ingram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed F.","family":"Elamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte A.","family":"Mulcare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Weale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayele","family":"Tarekegn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamiru Oljira","family":"Raga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Endashaw","family":"Bekele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farouk M.","family":"Elamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark G.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Bradman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dallas M.","family":"Swallow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"291_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04226","volume":"437","author":"D Altshuler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Altshuler D, Brooks LD, Chakravarti A, Collins FS, Daly MJ, Donnelly P (2005) A haplotype map of the human genome. Nature 437:1299\u20131320","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"291_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330580208","volume":"58","author":"RA Bayoumi","year":"1982","unstructured":"Bayoumi RA, Flatz SD, Kuhnau W, Flatz G (1982) Beja and Nilotes: nomadic pastoralist groups in the Sudan with opposite distributions of the adult lactase phenotypes. Am J Phys Anthropol 58:173\u2013178","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"291_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00278944","volume":"57","author":"RA Bayoumi","year":"1981","unstructured":"Bayoumi RA, Saha N, Salih AS, Bakkar AE, Flatz G (1981) Distribution of the lactase phenotypes in the population of the Democratic Republic of the Sudan. Hum Genet 57:279\u2013281","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"291_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1086\/421051","volume":"74","author":"T Bersaglieri","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bersaglieri T, Sabeti PC, Patterson N, Vanderploeg T, Schaffner SF, Drake JA, Rhodes M, Reich DE, Hirschhorn JN (2004) Genetic signatures of strong recent positive selection at the lactase gene. Am J Hum Genet 74:1111\u20131120","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"291_CR5","volume-title":"Pastoralists under pressure? Fulbe societies confronting change in west Africa","author":"R Blench","year":"1999","unstructured":"Blench R (1999) Why are there so many pastoral groups in eastern Africa? In: Azarya V, Breedveld A, De Bruijn M, Van Dijk H (eds) Pastoralists under pressure? Fulbe societies confronting change in west Africa. Brill Press, Boston, MA, USA"},{"key":"291_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.15.4.2090","volume":"15","author":"MA Cleary","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cleary MA, Herr W (1995) Mechanisms for flexibility in DNA sequence recognition and VP16-induced complex formation by the Oct-1 POU domain. Mol Cell Biol 15:2090\u20132100","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"291_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-005-1322-z","volume":"117","author":"M Coelho","year":"2005","unstructured":"Coelho M, Luiselli D, Bertorelle G, Lopes AI, Seixas S, Destro-Bisol G, Rocha J (2005) Microsatellite variation and evolution of human lactase persistence. Hum Genet 117:329\u2013339","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"291_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5976.135","volume":"3","author":"GC Cook","year":"1975","unstructured":"Cook GC, al-Torki MT (1975) High intestinal lactase concentrations in adult Arabs in Saudi Arabia. Br Med J 3:135\u2013136","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"291_CR9","first-page":"776","volume":"6","author":"Y Cuddenec","year":"1982","unstructured":"Cuddenec Y, Delbruck H, Flatz G (1982) Distribution of the adult lactase phenotypes\u2014lactose absorber and malabsorber\u2014in a group of 131 army recruits. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 6:776\u2013779","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin Biol"},{"key":"291_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.1990.598","volume":"10","author":"AS Dissanyake","year":"1990","unstructured":"Dissanyake AS, El-Munshid HA, Al-Qurain A (1990) Prevalence of primary adult lactose malabsorption in the eastern provine of Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med 10:598\u2013601","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"key":"291_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1017\/S002185370001700X","volume":"20","author":"C Ehret","year":"1979","unstructured":"Ehret C (1979) Antiquity of Agriculture in Ethiopia. J Afr Hist 20:161\u2013177","journal-title":"J Afr Hist"},{"key":"291_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/ng826","volume":"30","author":"NS Enattah","year":"2002","unstructured":"Enattah NS, Sahi T, Savilahti E, Terwilliger JD, Peltonen L, Jarvela I (2002) Identification of a variant associated with adult-type hypolactasia. Nat Genet 30:233\u2013237","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"291_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/117693430500100003","volume":"1","author":"Excoffier","year":"2005","unstructured":"Excoffier, Laval LG, Schneider L (2005) Arlequin Version 3.0: an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Evol Bioinform Online 1:47\u201350","journal-title":"Evol Bioinform Online"},{"key":"291_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-1809.1998.6230215.x","volume":"62","author":"CB Harvey","year":"1998","unstructured":"Harvey CB, Hollox EJ, Poulter M, Wang Y, Rossi M, Auricchio S, Iqbal TH, Cooper BT, Barton R, Sarner M, Korpela R, Swallow DM (1998) Lactase haplotype frequencies in Caucasians: association with the lactase persistence\/non-persistence polymorphism. Ann Hum Genet 62:215\u2013223","journal-title":"Ann Hum Genet"},{"key":"291_CR15","first-page":"157","volume":"35","author":"SS Hijazi","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hijazi SS, Abulaban A, Ammarin Z, Flatz G (1983) Distribution of adult lactase phenotypes in Bedouins and in urban and agricultural populations of Jordan. Trop Geogr Med 35:157\u2013161","journal-title":"Trop Geogr Med"},{"key":"291_CR16","first-page":"605","volume":"69","author":"C Holden","year":"1997","unstructured":"Holden C, Mace R (1997) Phylogenetic analysis of the evolution of lactose digestion in adults. Hum Biol 69:605\u2013628","journal-title":"Hum Biol"},{"key":"291_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5200369","volume":"7","author":"EJ Hollox","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hollox EJ, Poulter M, Wang Y, Krause A, Swallow DM (1999) Common polymorphism in a highly variable region upstream of the human lactase gene affects DNA-protein interactions. Eur J Hum Genet 7:791\u2013800","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"key":"291_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1086\/316924","volume":"68","author":"EJ Hollox","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hollox EJ, Poulter M, Zvarik M, Ferak V, Krause A, Jenkins T, Saha N, Kozlov AI, Swallow DM (2001) Lactase haplotype diversity in the Old World. Am J Hum Genet 68:160\u2013172","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"291_CR19","first-page":"131","volume":"55","author":"KL Kolho","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kolho KL, Jarvela I (2006) DNA test for hypolactasia premature: authors\u2019 reply. Gut 55:131\u2013132","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"291_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1006\/jaar.2001.0390","volume":"21","author":"TE Levy","year":"2002","unstructured":"Levy TE, Holl AFC (2002) Migrations, ethnogenesis, and settlement dynamics: Israelites in iron age Canaan and Shuwa-Arabs in the Chad Basin. J Anthropol Archaeol 21:83\u2013118","journal-title":"J Anthropol Archaeol"},{"key":"291_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3945","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddi418","volume":"14","author":"RH Lewinsky","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lewinsky RH, Jensen TG, Moller J, Stensballe A, Olsen J, Troelsen JT (2005) T-13910 DNA variant associated with lactase persistence interacts with Oct-1 and stimulates lactase promoter activity in vitro. Hum Mol Genet 14:3945\u20133953","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"291_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)90203-W","volume":"100","author":"L Maiuri","year":"1991","unstructured":"Maiuri L, Raia V, Potter J, Swallow D, Ho MW, Fiocca R, Finzi G, Cornaggia M, Capella C, Quaroni A, Auricchio S (1991) Mosaic pattern of lactase expression by villous enterocytes in human adult-type hypolactasia. Gastroenterology 100:359\u2013369","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"291_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1086\/421050","volume":"74","author":"CA Mulcare","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mulcare CA, Weale ME, Jones AL, Connell B, Zeitlyn D, Tarekegn A, Swallow DM, Bradman N, Thomas MG (2004) The T allele of a single-nucleotide polymorphism 13.9 kb upstream of the lactase gene (LCT) (C-13.9kbT) does not predict or cause the lactase-persistence phenotype in Africans. Am J Hum Genet 74:1102\u20131110","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"291_CR24","volume-title":"Ethnographic atlas","author":"G Murdock","year":"1967","unstructured":"Murdock G (1967) Ethnographic atlas. University of Pittsburg Press, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"},{"key":"291_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddg244","volume":"12","author":"LC Olds","year":"2003","unstructured":"Olds LC, Sibley E (2003) Lactase persistence DNA variant enhances lactase promoter activity in vitro: functional role as a cis regulatory element. Hum Mol Genet 12:2333\u20132340","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"291_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/00365519850186607","volume":"58","author":"K Peuhkuri","year":"1998","unstructured":"Peuhkuri K, Poussa T, Korpela R (1998) Comparison of a portable breath hydrogen analyser (Micro H2) with a Quintron MicroLyzer in measuring lactose maldigestion, and the evaluation of a Micro H2 for diagnosing hypolactasia. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 58:217\u2013224","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"key":"291_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-1809.2003.00048.x","volume":"67","author":"M Poulter","year":"2003","unstructured":"Poulter M, Hollox E, Harvey CB, Mulcare C, Peuhkuri K, Kajander K, Sarner M, Korpela R, Swallow DM (2003) The causal element for the lactase persistence\/non-persistence polymorphism is located in a 1 Mb region of linkage disequilibrium in Europeans. Ann Hum Genet 67:298\u2013311","journal-title":"Ann Hum Genet"},{"key":"291_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.040048","volume":"53","author":"H Rasinpera","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rasinpera H, Savilahti E, Enattah NS, Kuokkanen M, Totterman N, Lindahl H, Jarvela I, Kolho KL (2004) A genetic test which can be used to diagnose adult-type hypolactasia in children. Gut 53:1571\u20131576","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"291_CR29","first-page":"138","volume":"26","author":"AE Robinson","year":"1927","unstructured":"Robinson AE (1927) Notes on the gamuia tribe, Sudan. J R Afr Soc 26:138\u2013144","journal-title":"J R Afr Soc"},{"key":"291_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.an.21.100192.001013","volume":"21","author":"AB Smith","year":"1992","unstructured":"Smith AB (1992) Origins and spread of pastoralism in Africa. Ann Rev Anthropol 21:125\u2013141","journal-title":"Ann Rev Anthropol"},{"key":"291_CR31","first-page":"333","volume":"28","author":"CR Snook","year":"1976","unstructured":"Snook CR, Mahmoud JN, Chang WP (1976) Lactose tolerance in adult Jordanian Arabs. Trop Geogr Med 28:333\u2013335","journal-title":"Trop Geogr Med"},{"key":"291_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1086\/319501","volume":"68","author":"M Stephens","year":"2001","unstructured":"Stephens M, Smith NJ, Donnelly P (2001) A new statistical method for haplotype reconstruction from population data. Am J Hum Genet 68:978\u2013989","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"291_CR33","first-page":"131","volume":"55","author":"DM Swallow","year":"2006","unstructured":"Swallow DM (2006) DNA test for hypolactasia premature. Gut 55:131\u2013132","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"291_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.09.031","volume":"125","author":"JT Troelsen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Troelsen JT, Olsen J, Moller J, Sjostrom H (2003) An upstream polymorphism associated with lactase persistence has increased enhancer activity. Gastroenterology 125:1686\u20131694","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"291_CR35","unstructured":"Vanhove M (2006) The Beja language today in Sudan: the state of the art in linguistics. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Sudan Studies Conference, Bergen Norway, CD Rom, University of Bergen, Bergen"},{"key":"291_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4993","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05606.x","volume":"11","author":"CP Verrijzer","year":"1992","unstructured":"Verrijzer CP, Alkema MJ, van Weperen WW, Van Leeuwen HC, Strating MJ, van der Vliet (1992) The DNA binding specificity of the bipartite POU domain and its subdomains. EMBO J 11:4993\u20135003","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"291_CR37","volume-title":"Islam, nationalism and communism in a traditional society: the case of Sudan","author":"GR Warburg","year":"1978","unstructured":"Warburg GR (1978) Islam, nationalism and communism in a traditional society: the case of Sudan. Frank Cass & Co, London, UK"},{"key":"291_CR38","first-page":"131","volume":"55","author":"ME Weale","year":"2006","unstructured":"Weale ME (2006) DNA test for hypolactasia premature. Gut 55:131\u2013132","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"291_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E88","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.17.e88","volume":"29","author":"S Ye","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ye S, Dhillon S, Ke X, Collins AR, Day IN (2001) An efficient procedure for genotyping single nucleotide polymorphisms. Nucleic Acids Res 29:E88","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"}],"container-title":["Human Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00439-006-0291-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00439-006-0291-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00439-006-0291-1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T23:25:52Z","timestamp":1559085952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00439-006-0291-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,21]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,18]]}},"alternative-id":["291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00439-006-0291-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-6717","1432-1203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-6717","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,21]]}}}