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Among PD-related genes, meta-analysis identified a significant association between\n                    <jats:italic>KRTCAP2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and self-reported depression diagnosis in PD (SKAT-O\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20094.33\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u207b\u2075), which remained significant after false discovery rate correction. A higher genetic burden in\n                    <jats:italic>KRTCAP2<\/jats:italic>\n                    was associated with 20% increased odds of depression (OR\u2009=\u20091.20, 95% CI: 1.04\u20131.38).\n                    <jats:italic>TRAF5<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>LRRK2<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed marginal associations. Among depression-related genes,\n                    <jats:italic>SPPL3<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>ERBB4<\/jats:italic>\n                    were associated with depression diagnosis history, and\n                    <jats:italic>FNIP2<\/jats:italic>\n                    was associated with current depressive symptoms. The PD polygenic risk score was not associated with depression in PD, while a higher depression polygenic risk score was significantly associated with increased odds of depression diagnosis in both cohorts and the meta-analysis (OR\u2009=\u20091.26, 95% CI: 1.13\u20131.40). Our findings highlight immune-related genes such as\n                    <jats:italic>KRTCAP2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>TRAF5<\/jats:italic>\n                    as potential contributors to depression in PD. Additionally, the depression PRS shows statistically significant association with depression diagnosis in PD, suggesting that a general depression-related genetic liability contributes to this non-motor feature in PD. Together, these results suggest that depression in PD may involve both shared and disease-specific genetic mechanisms, offering new insights into its pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-026-02877-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T05:42:30Z","timestamp":1792215750000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gene-based association analysis of depression risk among European ancestry Parkinson\u2019s disease patients"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1277-0742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4476-2352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberly","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8099-9026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia","family":"Kusters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2805-1307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina M.","family":"Lill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7983-0274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2961-8918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeff","family":"Bronstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6976-7339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beate","family":"Ritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2877_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101840","volume":"85","author":"MH Ahmad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ahmad MH, Rizvi MA, Ali M, Mondal AC (2023) Neurobiology of depression in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Insights into epidemiology, molecular mechanisms and treatment strategies. 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