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Antler stem cells (ASCs) naturally in vivo differentiate into cartilage, which is only made of Col II in collagen component; whereas liver fibrosis is caused by over-abundance of Col I and III. In addition, ASCs can effectively promote regenerative wound healing in which tissue contains very few collagen fibers (Col I). In this study, we investigate the therapeutic effects of ASCs in a rat model of CCl\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    -induced liver fibrosis. Rats were treated with ASCs for 4\u00a0weeks in vivo, then biochemical and histopathological analyses were performed. Furthermore, we established cell co-culture systems of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and ASCs and of M1 macrophages and ASCs in vitro. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were used as a positive control. The results showed that ASC transplantation alleviated liver fibrosis effectively as evidenced by reduced collagen accumulation, decreased fatty degeneration, increased hepatocyte regeneration, decreased inflammation and significantly enhanced liver function; moreover, ASCs decreased the expression of pro-fibrogenic factors including TGF-\u03b2 and \u03b1-SMA. Additionally, our study showed that ASCs inhibit HSC activation and proliferation by controlling the expression of MMPs, TIMP1, TGF-\u03b2, \u03b1-SMA and COL1A2 involved in these processes. Our results suggested that ASCs alleviate liver fibrosis effectively and inhibit HSC activation. Thus, ASCs may serve as a novel stem cell source for the treatment of liver fibrosis in the clinic.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-019-03081-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]],"date-time":"2019-08-19T17:43:44Z","timestamp":1566236624000},"page":"195-206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Antler stem cells as a novel stem cell source for reducing liver fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"379","author":[{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Rong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guokun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yimin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"3081_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-04-1559","volume":"105","author":"S Aggarwal","year":"2005","unstructured":"Aggarwal S, Pittenger MF (2005) Human mesenchymal stem cells modulate allogeneic immune cell responses. 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Both the correct and incorrect version of Figure 1 is shown in the erratum article.","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The original article has been corrected.","order":8,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 November 2025","order":9,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":10,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":11,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00441-025-04023-8","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00441-025-04023-8","order":12,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"All the experiments were performed in accordance with the guidelines and study protocols of the Animal Experiment Ethic Committee of Jilin University (Approval NO. 201802057).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}