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The Organism for Animal Welfare of CIIMAR and the Portuguese Directorate-General for Food and Veterinary approved all the protocols performed in the present study (approval 0421\/000\/000\/2017 DGAV). Fish handling was performed under ethylene glycol monophenyl ether anesthesia (0.3\u00a0mL\/L; ref.: 8.07291.2500, Merck, Whitehouse Station, USA), and discomfort, stress, and pain to the experimental animals was avoided, as much as possible, along the experiment. For sampling, fish were euthanized by anesthetic overdose (ethylene glycol monophenyl ether; ref.: 8.07291.2500, Merck, Whitehouse Station, USA).For the experiments performed in Italy, ethical approval by ethics committee was not required, as per the Explanatory note of the Italian Ministry of Health\u2019s Directorate-General for Animal Health and Veterinary Medicinal Products (DGSAF) of 26 July 2017. Organs and tissues were dissected out following temporary immobilization with 1\u00a0mg\/ml tricaine methane sulfonate (MS-222) (Sigma) in aquarium water, buffered with 0.6\u00a0g\/L sodium bicarbonate. Anesthesia was followed by exsanguination or decapitation. All efforts were made to minimize suffering. The study was carried out in strict accordance to Directive 2010\/63\/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes and on National Legislative Decree 26 of 4 March 2014 \u201cAttuazione della Direttiva 2010\/63\/UE sulla protezione degli animali utilizzati a fini scientifici.\u201d","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}