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This study focused on the quantification and neurochemical characterization of substance P (SP) neurons in the pig ascending (AC) and descending colon (DC) in wholemount preparations of the inner submucosal plexus (ISP), outer submucosal plexus (OSP), and myenteric plexus (MP). We used antibodies for the pan-neuronal marker HuCD, and\u00a0choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), markers for excitatory and inhibitory transmitters, for multiple labeling immunofluorescence and high-resolution confocal microscopy. The highest density of SP immunoreactive (IR) neurons was in the ISP (222\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> in the AC, 166\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> in the DC), where they make up about a third of HuCD-IR neurons, compared to the OSP and MP (19\u201322% and 13\u201317%, respectively, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001\u20130.0001). HuCD\/SP\/ChAT-IR neurons (up to 23%) were overall more abundant than HuCD\/SP\/nNOS-IR neurons (&lt;\u200910%). Most SP-IR neurons contained ChAT-IR (62\u201385%), whereas 18\u201338% contained nNOS-IR with the highest peak in the OSP. A subpopulation of SP-IR neurons contains both ChAT- and nNOS-IR with the highest peak in the OSP and ISP of DC (33\u201336%) and the lowest in the ISP of AC (&lt;\u200910%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). SP-IR varicose fibers were abundant in the ganglia. This study shows that SP-IR neurons are functionally distinct with variable proportions in different plexuses in the AC and DC reflecting diverse functions of specific colonic regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-023-03842-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T10:05:02Z","timestamp":1700474702000},"page":"39-51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Distribution, quantification, and characterization of substance P enteric neurons in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses of the porcine colon"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"395","author":[{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Mazzoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Cabanillas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Costanzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Caremoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mulugeta","family":"Million","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muriel","family":"Larauche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Clavenzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"De Giorgio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0492-1993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catia","family":"Sternini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"3842_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.201300099","volume":"8","author":"A Bassols","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bassols A, Costa C, Eckersall PD, Osada J, Sabri\u00e0 J, Tibau J (2014) The pig as an animal model for human pathologies: a proteomics perspective. 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