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Unlike vertebrates, insects rely solely on innate immunity. Hemocytes play a crucial role in the cellular part of the innate immune system. The gaseous radical nitric oxide (NO) produced by hemocytes acts against pathogens and also functions as a versatile transmitter in both the immune and nervous systems, utilizing cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) as a second messenger. This study conducted a parallel comparison of NO synthase (NOS) expression and NO production in hemocytes during <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> K12 infection in four vector species: <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Aedes albopictus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Culex pipiens molestus<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic>. Increased NOS expression by NADPH diaphorase (NADPHd) staining and NO production by immunofluorescence against the by-product L-citrulline were observed in infected mosquito hemocytes distributed throughout the abdomens. NADPHd activity and citrulline labeling were particularly found in periostial hemocytes near the heart, but also on the ventral nerve chord (VNC). Pericardial cells of <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Cx. p. molestus<\/jats:italic> showed increased citrulline immunofluorescence, suggesting their involvement in the immune response. Oenocytes displayed strong NADPHd and citrulline labeling independent of infection status. This comparative study, consistent with findings in other species, suggests a widespread phenomenon of NO\u2019s role in hemocyte responses during <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> infection. Found differences within and between genera highlight the importance of species-specific investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-024-03862-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]],"date-time":"2024-01-19T07:02:58Z","timestamp":1705647778000},"page":"313-326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Localization of nitric oxide\u2013producing hemocytes in Aedes and Culex mosquitoes infected with bacteria"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"395","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3574-381X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stella","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Graf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8737-9441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pascal","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1207-8924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie C.","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5088-5439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Stern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"3862_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004664","volume":"10","author":"MM Akiner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Akiner MM, Demirci B, Babuadze G, Robert V, Schaffner F (2016) Spread of the invasive mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in the Black Sea Region increases risk of chikungunya, dengue, and Zika outbreaks in Europe. 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