{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T23:01:11Z","timestamp":1784329271606,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32071555"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32071555"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32001294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32001294"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32371859"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32371859"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Oecologia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-025-05801-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T18:41:23Z","timestamp":1758566483000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Universal trade-off between vessel size and number and its implications for plant hydraulic function"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"207","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4788-7863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinlong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl J.","family":"Niklas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josep","family":"Pe\u00f1uelas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dandan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quanlin","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongliang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"5801_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-0436.1983.tb01320.x","volume":"24","author":"R Aloni","year":"1983","unstructured":"Aloni R, Zimmermann MH (1983) The control of vessel size and density along the plant axis: a new hypothesis. Differentiation 24:203\u2013208","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"5801_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12907","volume":"205","author":"WR Anderegg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Anderegg WR (2015) Spatial and temporal variation in plant hydraulic traits and their relevance for climate change impacts on vegetation. New Phytol 205:1008\u20131014","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"5801_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.12787","volume":"31","author":"DMG Apgaua","year":"2017","unstructured":"Apgaua DMG, Tng DYP, Cernusak LA, Cheesman AW, Santos RM, Edwards WJ, Laurance SGW (2017) Plant functional groups within a tropical forest exhibit different wood functional anatomy. Funct Ecol 31:582\u2013591","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"5801_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012339552-8\/50016-0","volume-title":"Evolution of xylem physiology. The evolution of plant physiology","author":"P Baas","year":"2004","unstructured":"Baas P, Ewers F, Davis S, Wheeler E (2004) Evolution of xylem physiology. The evolution of plant physiology. Linnean Society Symposium Series, pp 273\u2013295"},{"key":"5801_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.13557","volume":"109","author":"DE Blasini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Blasini DE, Koepke DF, Grady KC, Allan GJ, Gehring CA, Whitham TG, Cushman SA, Hultine KR (2021) Adaptive trait syndromes along multiple economic spectra define cold and warm adapted ecotypes in a widely distributed foundation tree species. J Ecol 109:1298\u20131318","journal-title":"J Ecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5801_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00285.x","volume":"57","author":"SP Blomberg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Blomberg SP, Garland JT, Ives AR (2003) Testing for phylogenetic signal in comparative data: behavioral traits are more labile. Evolution 57(4):717\u2013745","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"5801_CR8","volume-title":"Comparative wood anatomy: systematic, ecological, and evolutionary aspects of dicotyledon wood","author":"S Carlquist","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carlquist S (2013) Comparative wood anatomy: systematic, ecological, and evolutionary aspects of dicotyledon wood. Springer Science & Business Media"},{"key":"5801_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2022.05.007","volume":"37","author":"M Castorena","year":"2022","unstructured":"Castorena M, Olson ME, Enquist BJ, Fajardo A (2022) Toward a general theory of plant carbon economics. Trends Ecol Evol 37:829\u2013837","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"5801_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2009.01285.x","volume":"12","author":"J Chave","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chave J, Coomes D, Jansen S, Lewis SL, Swenson NG, Zanne AE (2009) Towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum. Ecol Lett 12:351\u2013366","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"key":"5801_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1007\/s00468-012-0742-3","volume":"26","author":"H Chen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chen H, Niklas KJ, Sun S (2012) Testing the packing rule across the twig-petiole interface of temperate woody species. Trees-Struct Funct 26:1737\u20131745","journal-title":"Trees-Struct Funct"},{"key":"5801_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpab028","volume":"41","author":"Z Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen Z, Zhang Y, Yuan W, Zhu S, Pan R, Wan X, Liu S (2021) Coordinated variation in stem and leaf functional traits of temperate broadleaf tree species in the isohydric-anisohydric spectrum. Tree Physiol 41:1601\u20131610","journal-title":"Tree Physiol"},{"key":"5801_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.4161\/psb.3.7.5673","volume":"3","author":"KK Christensen-Dalsgaard","year":"2008","unstructured":"Christensen-Dalsgaard KK, Ennos AR, Fournier M (2008) Interrelations between hydraulic and mechanical stress adaptations in woody plants. Plant Signal Behav 3:463\u2013465","journal-title":"Plant Signal Behav"},{"key":"5801_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2011.03984.x","volume":"193","author":"MA Christman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Christman MA, Sperry JS, Smith DD (2012) Rare pits, large vessels and extreme vulnerability to cavitation in a ring-porous tree species. New Phytol 193:713\u2013720","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"5801_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.15652","volume":"222","author":"PL Drake","year":"2019","unstructured":"Drake PL, de Boer HJ, Schymanski SJ, Veneklaas EJ (2019) Two sides to every leaf: water and CO2 transport in hypostomatous and amphistomatous leaves. New Phytol 222:1179\u20131187","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"5801_CR16","first-page":"5765","volume":"20","author":"A Echeverr\u00eda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Echeverr\u00eda A, Tommaso A, Diana S, Rosell JA, Olson ME (2019) Constant theoretical conductance, changes in vessel diameter and number, with height growth in moringaoleifera. J Exp Bot 20:5765\u20135772","journal-title":"J Exp Bot"},{"key":"5801_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1066360","volume":"295","author":"BJ Enquist","year":"2002","unstructured":"Enquist BJ, Niklas KJ (2002) Global allocation rules for patterns of biomass partitioning in seed plants. Science 295:1517\u20131520","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"5801_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.16287","volume":"225","author":"A Fajardo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fajardo A, Martinez-Perez C, Cervantes-Alcayde AM, Olson ME (2020) Stem length, not climate, controls vessel diameter in two trees species across a sharp precipitation gradient. New Phytol 225:2347\u20132355","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"5801_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2011.01939.x","volume":"100","author":"ZX Fan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fan ZX, Zhang SB, Hao GY, Slik JWF, Cao KF (2012) Hydraulic conductivity traits predict growth rates and adult stature of 40 Asian tropical tree species better than wood density. J Ecol 100:732\u2013741","journal-title":"J Ecol"},{"key":"5801_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2012.01962.x","volume":"26","author":"SM Gleason","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gleason SM, Butler DW, Ziemi\u0144ska K, Waryszak P, Westoby M (2012) Stem xylem conductivity is key to plant water balance across Australian angiosperm species. Funct Ecol 26:343\u2013352","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"5801_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.13646","volume":"209","author":"SM Gleason","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gleason SM, Westoby M, Jansen S, Choat B, Hacke UG, Pratt RB, Bhaskar R, Brodribb TJ, Bucci SJ, Cao KF, Cochard H, Delzon S, Domec JC, Fan ZX, Field TS, Jacobsen AL, Johnson DM, Lens F, Maherali H, Martinez-Vilalta J, Mayr S, McCulloh KA, Mencuccini M, Mitchell PJ, Morris H, Nardini A, Pittermann J, Plavcova L, Schreiber SG, Sperry JS, Wright IJ, Zanne AE (2016) Weak tradeoff between xylem safety and xylem-specific hydraulic efficiency across the world\u2019s woody plant species. New Phytol 209:123\u2013136","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"5801_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1999.tb05427.x","volume":"53","author":"AJ Green","year":"1999","unstructured":"Green AJ (1999) Allometry of genitalia in insects and spiders: one size does not fit all. Evolution 53:1621\u20131624","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"5801_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/26.6.689","volume":"26","author":"UG Hacke","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hacke UG, Sperry JS, Wheeler JK, Castro L (2006) Scaling of angiosperm xylem structure with safety and efficiency. Tree Physiol 26:689\u2013701","journal-title":"Tree Physiol"},{"key":"5801_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2006.01186.x","volume":"95","author":"AL Jacobsen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jacobsen AL, Agenbag L, Esler KJ, Pratt RB, Ewers FW, Davis SD (2007) Xylem density, biomechanics and anatomical traits correlate with water stress in 17 evergreen shrub species of the Mediterranean-type climate region of South Africa. J Ecol 95:171\u2013183","journal-title":"J Ecol"},{"key":"5801_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pld.2022.05.005","volume":"44","author":"Y Jin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jin Y, Qian H (2022) V.phylomaker2: an updated and enlarged R package that can generate very large phylogenies for vascular plants. Plant Divers 44:335\u2013339","journal-title":"Plant Divers"},{"key":"5801_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.12986","volume":"30","author":"JT Kilmer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kilmer JT, Rodr\u00edguez RL (2017) Ordinary least squares regression is indicated for studies of allometry. J Evol Biol 30:4\u201312","journal-title":"J Evol Biol"},{"key":"5801_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2100314118","author":"L Ko\u00e7illari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ko\u00e7illari L, Olson ME, Suweis S, Rocha RP, Lovison A, Cardin F, Dawson TE, Echeverria A, Fajardo A, Lechthaler S, Martinez-Perez C, Marcati CR, Chung KF, Rosell JA, Segovia-Rivas A, Williams CB, Petrone-Mendoza E, Rinaldo A, Anfodillo T, Banavar JR, Maritan A (2021) The widened pipe model of plant hydraulic evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2100314118","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"5801_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2003.48.3.1357","volume":"48","author":"EA Laws","year":"2003","unstructured":"Laws EA (2003) Mesozooplankton grazing and primary production: an alternative assessment. Limnol Oceanogr 48:1357\u20131359","journal-title":"Limnol Oceanogr"},{"key":"5801_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2007.03.036","volume":"247","author":"L Loepfe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Loepfe L, Martinez-Vilalta J, Pinol J, Mencuccini M (2007) The relevance of xylem network structure for plant hydraulic efficiency and safety. J Theor Biol 247:788\u2013803","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"5801_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.1000335","volume":"98","author":"HI Mart\u00ednez-Cabrera","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Cabrera HI, Schenk HJ, Cevallos-Ferriz SR, Jones CS (2011) Integration of vessel traits, wood density, and height in angiosperm shrubs and trees. Am J Bot 98:915\u2013922","journal-title":"Am J Bot"},{"key":"5801_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revpalbo.2017.07.008","volume":"246","author":"HI Mart\u00ednez-Cabrera","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Cabrera HI, Zheng J, Estrada-Ruiz E (2017) Wood functional disparity lags behind taxonomic diversification in angiosperms. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 246:251\u2013257","journal-title":"Rev Palaeobot Palynol"},{"key":"5801_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.0800237","volume":"96","author":"HI Mart\u00ednez-Cabrera","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Cabrera HI, Jones CS, Espino S, Schenk HJ (2009) Wood anatomy and wood density in shrubs: Responses to varying aridity along transcontinental transects. Am J Bot 96:1388\u20131398","journal-title":"Am J Bot"},{"key":"5801_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-011-1973-5","volume":"167","author":"KA McCulloh","year":"2011","unstructured":"McCulloh KA, Meinzer FC, Sperry JS, Lachenbruch B, Voelker SL, Woodruff DR, Domec JC (2011) Comparative hydraulic architecture of tropical tree species representing a range of successional stages and wood density. Oecologia 167:27\u201337","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"5801_CR39","volume-title":"Plant biomechanics: an engineering approach to plant form and function","author":"KJ Niklas","year":"1992","unstructured":"Niklas KJ (1992) Plant biomechanics: an engineering approach to plant form and function. University of Chicago press, Chicago, IL"},{"key":"5801_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1006\/anbo.1993.1096","volume":"72","author":"KJ Niklas","year":"1993","unstructured":"Niklas KJ (1993) Influence of tissue-density specific mechanical properties on the scaling of plant height. Ann Bot 72:173\u2013179","journal-title":"Ann Bot"},{"key":"5801_CR41","volume-title":"Plant allometry: the scaling of form and process","author":"KJ Niklas","year":"1994","unstructured":"Niklas KJ (1994) Plant allometry: the scaling of form and process. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL"},{"key":"5801_CR42","first-page":"479","volume":"79","author":"KJ Niklas","year":"1997","unstructured":"Niklas KJ (1997) Mechanical properties of black locust Robinia pseudoacacia L. wood: correlations among elastic and rupture moduli, proportional limit, and tissue density and specific gravity. Ann Bot 79:479\u2013485","journal-title":"Ann Bot"},{"key":"5801_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.1000150","volume":"97","author":"KJ Niklas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Niklas KJ, Spatz HC (2010) Worldwide correlations of mechanical properties and green wood density. Am J Bot 97:1587\u20131594","journal-title":"Am J Bot"},{"key":"5801_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erab411","volume":"73","author":"KJ Niklas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Niklas KJ, Telewski FW (2022) Environmental-biomechanical reciprocity and the evolution of plant material properties. J Exp Bot 73:1067\u20131079","journal-title":"J Exp Bot"},{"key":"5801_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.0900249","volume":"97","author":"KJ Niklas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Niklas KJ, Cobb ED (2010) Ontogenetic changes in the numbers of short- vs. long-shoots account for decreasing specific leaf area in Acer rubrum (Aceraceae) as trees increase in size. Am J Bot 97:27\u201337","journal-title":"Am J Bot"},{"key":"5801_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1163\/22941932-90000652","volume":"19","author":"S Noshiro","year":"1998","unstructured":"Noshiro S, Baas P (1998) Systematic wood anatomy of Cornaceae and allies. IAWA J 19:43\u201397","journal-title":"IAWA J"},{"key":"5801_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.17266","volume":"230","author":"RS Oliveira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oliveira RS, Eller CB, Barros FV et al (2021) Linking plant hydraulics and the fast\u2013slow continuum to understand resilience to drought in tropical ecosystems. New Phytol 230:904\u2013923","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"5801_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2011.12.005","volume":"27","author":"ME Olson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Olson ME (2012) The developmental renaissance in adaptationism. Trends Ecol Evol 27:278\u2013287","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"5801_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1086\/681438","volume":"90","author":"ME Olson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Olson ME, Arroyo-Santos A (2015) How to study adaptation and why to do it that way. Q Rev Biol 90:167\u2013191","journal-title":"Q Rev Biol"},{"key":"5801_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7551","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1721728115","volume":"115","author":"ME Olson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Olson ME, Soriano D, Rosell JA, Anfodillo T, Donoghue MJ, Edwards EJ, Leon-Gomez C, Dawson T, Julio Camarero Martinez J, Castorena M, Echeverria A, Espinosa CI, Fajardo A, Gazol A, Isnard S, Lima RS, Marcati CR, Mendez-Alonzo R (2018) Plant height and hydraulic vulnerability to drought and cold. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 115:7551\u20137556","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"5801_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01410","DOI":"10.1002\/ecm.1410","volume":"90","author":"ME Olson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Olson ME, Rosell JA, Mart\u00ednez-P\u00e9rez C, Le\u00f3n-G\u00f3mez C, Fajardo A, Isnard S, Cervantes-Alcayde M-A, Echeverr\u00eda A, Figueroa-Ab\u00fandiz S-R et al (2020) Xylem vessel diameter-shoot length scaling: ecological significance of porosity types and other traits. Ecol Monogr 90:e01410","journal-title":"Ecol Monogr"},{"key":"5801_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.16961","volume":"229","author":"ME Olson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Olson ME, Anfodillo T, Gleason SM, McCulloh KA (2021) Tip-to-base xylem conduit widening as an adaptation: causes, consequences, and empirical priorities. New Phytol 229:1877\u20131893","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"5801_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/22941932-bja10123","author":"ME Olson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Olson ME, Pace MR, Anfodillo T (2023) The vulnerability to drought-induced embolism-conduit diameter link: breaching the anatomy-physiology divide. IAWA J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/22941932-bja10123","journal-title":"IAWA J"},{"key":"5801_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12302","volume":"17","author":"ME Olson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Olson ME, Anfodillo T, Rosell JA, Petit G, Crivellaro A, Isnard S, Le\u00f3n-G\u00f3mez C, Alvarado-C\u00e1rdenas LO, Castorena M (2014) Universal hydraulics of the flowering plants: vessel diameter scales with stem length across angiosperm lineages, habits and climates. Ecol Lett 17:988\u2013997","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"key":"5801_CR55","unstructured":"Olson, M. 2019. Overcoming the constraint-adaptation dichotomy: Long live the constraint-adaptation dichotomy. Perspectives on evolutionary and developmental biology. Essays for Alessandro Minelli, 123\u2013141."},{"key":"5801_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2009.03092.x","volume":"185","author":"L Poorter","year":"2010","unstructured":"Poorter L, McDonald I, Alarcon A, Fichtler E, Licona JC, Pena-Claros M, Sterck F, Villegas Z, Sass-Klaassen U (2010) The importance of wood traits and hydraulic conductance for the performance and life history strategies of 42 rainforest tree species. New Phytol 185:481\u2013492","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"5801_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2104336118","volume":"118","author":"RB Pratt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pratt RB, Jacobsen AL, Percolla MI, De Guzman ME, Traugh CA, Tobin MF (2021) Trade-offs among transport, support, and storage in xylem from shrubs in a semiarid chaparral environment tested with structural equation modeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 118:e2104336118","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U SA"},{"key":"5801_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2006.01712.x","volume":"170","author":"KA Preston","year":"2006","unstructured":"Preston KA, Cornwell WK, DeNoyer JL (2006) Wood density and vessel traits as distinct correlates of ecological strategy in 51 California coast range angiosperms. New Phytol 170:807\u2013818","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"5801_CR60","unstructured":"R Core Team. 2015. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna. http:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"5801_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s40725-017-0049-0","volume":"3","author":"JA Rosell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rosell JA, Olson ME, Anfodillo T (2017) Scaling of xylem vessel diameter with plant size: causes, predictions, and outstanding questions. Curr Forestry Rep 3:46\u201359","journal-title":"Curr Forestry Rep"},{"key":"5801_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-004-1624-1","volume":"140","author":"LS Santiago","year":"2004","unstructured":"Santiago LS, Goldstein G, Meinzer FC, Fisher JB, Machado K, Woodruff D, Jones T (2004) Leaf photosynthetic traits scale with hydraulic conductivity and wood density in Panamanian forest canopy trees. Oecologia 140:543\u2013550","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"5801_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22722","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1012194108","volume":"107","author":"VM Savage","year":"2010","unstructured":"Savage VM, Bentley LP, Enquist BJ, Sperry JS, Smith DD, Reich PB, von Allmen EI (2010) Hydraulic trade-offs and space filling enable better predictions of vascular structure and function in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:22722\u201322727","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"5801_CR65","first-page":"133","volume":"14","author":"K Shinozaki","year":"1964","unstructured":"Shinozaki K, Yoda K, Hozumi K, Kira T (1964) A quantitative analysis of plant form: the pipe model theory. Part II. Further evidence of the theory and its application in forest ecology. Jpn J Ecol 14:133\u2013139","journal-title":"Jpn J Ecol"},{"key":"5801_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21090","volume":"140","author":"RJ Smith","year":"2009","unstructured":"Smith RJ (2009) Use and misuse of the reduced major axis for line-fitting. Am J Phys Anthropol 140:476\u2013486","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"5801_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.1019","volume":"105","author":"SA Smith","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smith SA, Brown JW (2018) Constructing a broadly inclusive seed plant phylogenyl. Am J Bot 105:302\u2013314","journal-title":"Am J Bot"},{"key":"5801_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.2007.01765.x","volume":"31","author":"JS Sperry","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sperry JS, Meinzer FC, McCulloh KA (2008) Safety and efficiency conflicts in hydraulic architecture: scaling from tissues to trees. Plant Cell Environ 31:632\u2013645","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ"},{"key":"5801_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/28.4.529","volume":"28","author":"FJ Sterck","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sterck FJ, Zweifel R, Sass-Klaassen U, Chowdhury Q (2008) Persisting soil drought reduces leaf specific conductivity in Scots pine Pinus sylvestris and pubescent oak Quercus pubescens. Tree Physiol 28:529\u2013536","journal-title":"Tree Physiol"},{"key":"5801_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.00185","author":"J Sun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sun J, Wang M, Lyu M, Niklas KJ, Zhong Q, Li M, Cheng D (2019) Stem diameter (and not length) limits twig leaf biomass. Front Plant Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2019.00185","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"key":"5801_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.95.4.516","volume":"95","author":"NG Swenson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Swenson NG, Enquist BJ (2008) The relationship between stem and branch wood specific gravity and the ability of each measure to predict leaf area. Am J Bot 95:516\u2013519","journal-title":"Am J Bot"},{"key":"5801_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/27.2.251","volume":"27","author":"DS Thomas","year":"2007","unstructured":"Thomas DS, Montagu KD, Conroy JP (2007) Temperature effects on wood anatomy, wood density, photosynthesis and biomass partitioning of Eucalyptus grandis seedlings. Tree Physiol 27:251\u2013260","journal-title":"Tree Physiol"},{"key":"5801_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.1991.tb00035.x","volume":"119","author":"MT Tyree","year":"1991","unstructured":"Tyree MT, Ewers FW (1991) The hydraulic architecture of trees and other woody plants. New Phytol 119:345\u2013360","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"5801_CR77","unstructured":"Tyree MT, Zimmermann MH (2013) Xylem structure and the ascent of sap. Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"5801_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/s00468-011-0553-y","volume":"25","author":"M Vazquez-Sanchez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vazquez-Sanchez M, Terrazas T (2011) Stem and wood allometric relationships in Cacteae (Cactaceae). Trees 25:755\u2013767","journal-title":"Trees"},{"key":"5801_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1017\/S1464793106007007","volume":"81","author":"DI Warton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Warton DI, Wright IJ, Falster DS, Westoby M (2006) Bivariate line-fitting methods for allometry. Biol Rev 81:259\u2013291","journal-title":"Biol Rev"},{"key":"5801_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2011.00153.x","volume":"3","author":"DI Warton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Warton DI, Duursma RA, Falster DS et al (2012) Smatr 3\u2013 an R package for estimation and inference about allometric lines. Methods Ecol Evol 3:257\u2013259","journal-title":"Methods Ecol Evol"},{"key":"5801_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5309.122","volume":"276","author":"GB West","year":"1997","unstructured":"West GB, Brown JH, Enquist BJ (1997) A general model for the origin of allometric scaling laws in biology. Science 276:122\u2013126","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"5801_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1038\/23251","volume":"400","author":"GB West","year":"1999","unstructured":"West GB, Brown JH, Enquist BJ (1999a) A general model for the structure and allometry of plant vascular systems. Nature 400:664\u2013667","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5801_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5420.1677","volume":"284","author":"GB West","year":"1999","unstructured":"West GB, Brown JH, Enquist BJ (1999b) The fourth dimension of life: fractal geometry and allometric scaling of organisms. Science 284:1677\u20131679","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"5801_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2005.01590.x","volume":"169","author":"IJ Wright","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wright IJ, Reich PB, Atkin OK, Lusk CH, Tjoelker MG, Westoby M (2006) Irradiance, temperature and rainfall influence leaf darkrespiration in woody plants: evidence from comparisons across 20 sites. New Phytol 169:309\u2013319","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"5801_CR85","volume-title":"Wood identification and anatomy of major tree species in China","author":"J Yang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yang J, Cheng F, Yang J, Lu H (2009) Wood identification and anatomy of major tree species in China. China Construction and Industry Press, Beijing"},{"key":"5801_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0269-8463.2005.00953.x","volume":"19","author":"S Zaehle","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zaehle S (2005) Effect of height on tree hydraulic conductance incompletely compensated by xylem tapering. Funct Ecol 19:359\u2013364","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"5801_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2006.01101.x","volume":"20","author":"AE Zanne","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zanne AE, Sweeney K, Sharma M, Orians CM (2006) Patterns and consequences of differential vascular sectoriality in 18 temperate tree and shrub species. Funct Ecol 20:200\u2013206","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"5801_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.0900178","volume":"97","author":"AE Zanne","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zanne AE, Westoby M, Falster DS, Ackerly DD, Loarie SR, Arnold SEJ, Coomes DA (2010) Angiosperm wood structure: global patterns in vessel anatomy and their relation to wood density and potential conductivity. Am J Bot 97:207\u2013215","journal-title":"Am J Bot"},{"key":"5801_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12872","volume":"506","author":"AE Zanne","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zanne AE, Tank DC, Cornwell WK et al (2014) Three keys to the radiation ofangiosperms into freezing environments. Nature 506:89\u201392","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5801_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mct153","volume":"112","author":"J Zheng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zheng J, Mart\u00ednez-Cabrera HI (2013) Wood anatomical correlates with theoretical conductivity and wood density across China: evolutionary evidence of the functional differentiation of axial and radial parenchyma. Ann Bot 112:927\u2013935","journal-title":"Ann Bot"},{"key":"5801_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"plt046","DOI":"10.1093\/aobpla\/plt046","volume":"5","author":"K Ziemi\u0144ska","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ziemi\u0144ska K, Butler DW, Gleason SM, Wright IJ, Westoby M (2013) Fibre wall and lumen fractions drive wood density variation across 24 Australian angiosperms. AOB Plants 5:plt046","journal-title":"AOB Plants"},{"key":"5801_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3048","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.13891","volume":"43","author":"K Ziemi\u0144ska","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ziemi\u0144ska K, Rosa E, Gleason SM, Holbrook NM (2020) Wood day capacitance is related to water content, wood density, and anatomy across 30 temperate tree species. Plant Cell Environ 43:3048\u20133067","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ"}],"container-title":["Oecologia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00442-025-05801-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00442-025-05801-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00442-025-05801-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T04:03:18Z","timestamp":1760587398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00442-025-05801-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["5801"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00442-025-05801-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0029-8549","1432-1939"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0029-8549","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1939","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"161"}}