{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T02:48:58Z","timestamp":1762138138134,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760140800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["420169\/2023-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["420169\/2023-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017564","name":"Ci\u00eancia sem Fronteiras","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["406911\/2013-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["406911\/2013-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science","award":["CGL2014-55577-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGL2014-55577-R"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Oecologia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The rapid growth of urban populations and air travel has intensified urbanization\u2019s ecological impacts, reshaping ecosystems through habitat fragmentation, pollution, and species filtering. These effects are particularly evident in urban bird populations. In this study, we examined how urban environments, especially near airports, affect birds by evaluating relationships among parasites, feather corticosterone levels, and body condition. We hypothesized that birds near airports would experience higher parasite prevalence due to stress-related immune compromise. We sampled 1,096 birds from 100 species, recording haemosporidian parasite lineages and ectoparasites across three Brazilian airports, Bras\u00edlia, Salvador, and Campinas, and corresponding quiet-control areas located 8\u201317 km away. Using Bayesian multilevel models, we accounted for species relatedness and environmental factors. Overall, 21.8% of birds were infected with haemosporidian parasites.\n                    <jats:italic>Turdus leucomelas<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed the highest infection rate (44%), with\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    representing 63% of all infections. Ectoparasites infested 9.2% of birds, especially\n                    <jats:italic>Elaenia chiriquensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Fifteen individuals, mostly in Salvador and Campinas control sites, harbored both parasite groups. Contrary to expectations, haemosporidian prevalence was lower in airport areas than in control sites, while ectoparasites were less common in Bras\u00edlia\u2019s control site. Feather corticosterone and body condition were not significantly associated with haemosporidian presence, but higher corticosterone correlated with ectoparasite occurrence in control areas. Our results indicate that bird populations around airports exhibit reduced parasite prevalence, suggesting that highly modified environments alter parasite\u2013host dynamics and shape parasite biodiversity. Future studies incorporating infection intensity and longitudinal sampling would help clarify whether urban settings suppress or restructure avian parasite communities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-025-05811-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:23:42Z","timestamp":1760160222000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ectoparasite and blood parasite prevalence in birds: a comparative study between urbanized airport environments and natural habitats"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"207","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9036-3862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Aguiar de Souza Penha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graziela","family":"Tolesano-Pascoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renata D.","family":"Alquezar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco C.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"de Angeli Dutra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c9rika Martins","family":"Braga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Regina H.","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"5811_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182022001469","volume":"150","author":"V Aguiar de Souza Penha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aguiar de Souza Penha V, Maia Chaves Bicalho Domingos F, Fecchio A et al (2023) Host life-history traits predict haemosporidian parasite prevalence in tanagers (Aves: Thraupidae). Parasitology 150:32\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0031182022001469","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"5811_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10336-024-02200-0","author":"V Aguiar de Souza Penha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aguiar de Souza Penha V, De La Torre GM (2024) The relationship between habitat breadth, climate, local species diversity, and avian body condition in the Atlantic Forest biome. J Ornithol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10336-024-02200-0","journal-title":"J Ornithol"},{"key":"5811_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-014-0738-6","volume":"17","author":"WR Almeida","year":"2015","unstructured":"Almeida WR, Lopes AV, Tabarelli M, Leal IR (2015) The alien flora of Brazilian Caatinga: deliberate introductions expand the contingent of potential invaders. Biol Invasions 17:51\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10530-014-0738-6","journal-title":"Biol Invasions"},{"key":"5811_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecon.2019.08.003","volume":"17","author":"RD Alquezar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alquezar RD, Macedo RH (2019) Airport noise and wildlife conservation: what are we missing? Perspect Ecol Conserv 17:163\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pecon.2019.08.003","journal-title":"Perspect Ecol Conserv"},{"key":"5811_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-020-02865-6","volume":"74","author":"RD Alquezar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alquezar RD, Macedo RH, Sierro J, Gil D (2020a) Lack of consistent responses to aircraft noise in dawn song timing of bird populations near tropical airports. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 74:88. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00265-020-02865-6","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"key":"5811_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-020-00936-0","volume":"23","author":"RD Alquezar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alquezar RD, Tolesano-Pascoli G, Gil D, Macedo RH (2020b) Avian biotic homogenization driven by airport-affected environments. Urban Ecosyst 23:507\u2013517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11252-020-00936-0","journal-title":"Urban Ecosyst"},{"key":"5811_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coad079","volume":"11","author":"RD Alquezar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alquezar RD, Arregui L, Macedo RH, Gil D (2023) Birds living near airports do not show consistently higher levels of feather corticosterone. Conserv Physiol 11:coad079. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/conphys\/coad079","journal-title":"Conserv Physiol"},{"key":"5811_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-023-07906-3","volume":"122","author":"CC Anjos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Anjos CC, Bicudo T, Fecchio A et al (2023) Prevalence and genetic diversity of avian haemosporidian parasites in islands within a mega hydroelectric dam in the Brazilian Amazon. Parasitol Res 122:2065\u20132077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-023-07906-3","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"5811_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1590\/S0101-81752005000300015","volume":"22","author":"M Arzua","year":"2005","unstructured":"Arzua M, Onofrio VC, Barros-Battesti DM (2005) Catalogue of the tick collection (Acari, Ixodida) of the Museu de Hist\u00f3ria Natural Cap\u00e3o da Imbuia, Curitiba, Paran\u00e1, Brazil. Rev Bras Zool 22:623\u2013632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0101-81752005000300015","journal-title":"Rev Bras Zool"},{"key":"5811_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2014.01.113","volume":"111","author":"ME Baltazar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baltazar ME, Jardim J, Alves P, Silva J (2014) Air transport performance and efficiency: MCDA vs. DEA approaches. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 111:790\u2013799. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbspro.2014.01.113","journal-title":"Procedia Soc Behav Sci"},{"key":"5811_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-296120180057","volume":"27","author":"R Bassini-Silva","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bassini-Silva R, Jacinavicius FC, Maturano R et al (2018) Blankaartia sinnamaryi (Trombidiformes: Trombiculidae) parasitizing birds in southeastern Brazil, with notes on Rickettsia detection. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 27:354\u2013362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s1984-296120180057","journal-title":"Rev Bras Parasitol Vet"},{"key":"5811_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-022-03393-9","volume":"205","author":"R Bassini-Silva","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bassini-Silva R, de Castro Jacinavicius F, Mu\u00f1oz-Leal S et al (2023) Bacterial pathogens\u2019 screening in Brazilian chigger mites (Trombidiformes: Trombiculidae), with the first report of \u2019Candidatus Rickettsia colombianensi\u2019-like in avian-associated chiggers. Arch Microbiol 205:51. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00203-022-03393-9","journal-title":"Arch Microbiol"},{"key":"5811_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017654","volume":"6","author":"NO Belo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Belo NO, Pinheiro RT, Reis ES et al (2011) Prevalence and lineage diversity of avian haemosporidians from three distinct cerrado habitats in Brazil. PLoS ONE 6:e17654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0017654","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5811_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118201200039X","volume":"139","author":"NO Belo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Belo NO, Rodr\u00edguez-Ferraro A, Braga EM, Ricklefs RE (2012) Diversity of avian haemosporidians in arid zones of northern Venezuela. Parasitology 139:1021\u20131028. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S003118201200039X","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"5811_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2009.02692.x","volume":"9","author":"S Bensch","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bensch S, Hellgren O, P\u00e9rez-Tris J (2009) Malavi: a public database of malaria parasites and related haemosporidians in avian hosts based on mitochondrial cytochrome b lineages. Mol Ecol Resour 9:1353\u20131358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2009.02692.x","journal-title":"Mol Ecol Resour"},{"key":"5811_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2005.00976.x","volume":"19","author":"J Blas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Blas J, Baos R, Bortolotti GR et al (2005) A multi-tier approach to identifying environmental stress in altricial nestling birds. Funct Ecol 19:315\u2013322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2005.00976.x","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"5811_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arl050","volume":"18","author":"F Bonier","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bonier F, Martin PR, Sheldon KS et al (2007) Sex-specific consequences of life in the city. Behav Ecol 18:121\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/beheco\/arl050","journal-title":"Behav Ecol"},{"key":"5811_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2008.01387.x","volume":"22","author":"GR Bortolotti","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bortolotti GR, Marchant TA, Blas J, German T (2008) Corticosterone in feathers is a long-term, integrated measure of avian stress physiology. Funct Ecol 22:494\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2008.01387.x","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"5811_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/ibi.12709","volume":"162","author":"M Bosholn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bosholn M, Anciaes M, Gil D et al (2019) Individual variation in feather corticosterone levels and its influence on haemosporidian infection in a Neotropical bird. Ibis 162:447\u2013456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ibi.12709","journal-title":"Ibis"},{"key":"5811_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2006.11.001","volume":"22","author":"CA Bradley","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bradley CA, Altizer S (2007) Urbanization and the ecology of wildlife diseases. Trends Ecol Evol 22:95\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tree.2006.11.001","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"5811_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066","volume":"9","author":"ME Brooks","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brooks ME, Kristensen K, van Benthem KJ et al (2017) glmmTMB balances speed and flexibility among packages for zero-inflated generalized linear mixed modeling. R J 9:378\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32614\/RJ-2017-066","journal-title":"R J"},{"key":"5811_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v080.i01","volume":"80","author":"PC B\u00fcrkner","year":"2017","unstructured":"B\u00fcrkner PC (2017) brms: an R package for Bayesian multilevel models using Stan. J Stat Softw 80:1\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v080.i01","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"5811_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2018-017","volume":"10","author":"PC B\u00fcrkner","year":"2018","unstructured":"B\u00fcrkner PC (2018) Advanced Bayesian multilevel modeling with the R package brms. R J 10:395\u2013411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32614\/RJ-2018-017","journal-title":"R J"},{"key":"5811_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v100.i05","volume":"100","author":"PC B\u00fcrkner","year":"2021","unstructured":"B\u00fcrkner PC (2021) Bayesian item response modeling in R with brms and Stan. J Stat Softw 100:1\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v100.i05","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"4","key":"5811_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.2307\/3284227","volume":"83","author":"AO Bush","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bush AO, Lafferty KD, Lotz JM, Shostak AW (1997) Parasitology meets ecology on its own terms: Margolis et al. revisited. J Parasitol 83(4):575\u2013583","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"5811_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103144","volume":"9","author":"C Calegaro-Marques","year":"2014","unstructured":"Calegaro-Marques C, Amato SB (2014) Urbanization breaks up host-parasite interactions: a case study on parasite community ecology of rufous-bellied thrushes (Turdus rufiventris) along a rural-urban gradient. PLoS ONE 9:e103144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0103144","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5811_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.14393\/VTN-v27n3-2021-59277","volume":"27","author":"D Cantarin Neiva","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cantarin Neiva D, Vilhena I, Martins F (2021) Prevalence of endo and ectoparasites in psittaciformes raised in the state of Espirito Santo. Vet Not 27:61\u201377","journal-title":"Vet Not"},{"key":"5811_CR26","first-page":"561","volume":"22","author":"JO Castro","year":"2012","unstructured":"Castro JO, Pinho MS, Freitas MA (2012) Biodiversidade da regi\u00e3o de Busca Vida\/Abrantes: subs\u00eddio para a cria\u00e7\u00e3o de uma unidade de conserva\u00e7\u00e3o no litoral norte da Bahia. Bahia Anal Dados 22:561\u2013579","journal-title":"Bahia Anal Dados"},{"key":"5811_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2013.782315","volume":"30","author":"N Cermakian","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cermakian N, Lange T, Golombek D et al (2013) Crosstalk between the circadian clock circuitry and the immune system. Chronobiol Int 30:870\u2013888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/07420528.2013.782315","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"key":"5811_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00606","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00606-20","volume":"94","author":"WS Chang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chang WS, Eden JS, Hall J et al (2020) Metatranscriptomic analysis of virus diversity in urban wild birds with paretic disease. J Virol 94:e00606-e620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.00606-20","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"5811_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2009.04346.x","volume":"18","author":"A Chasar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chasar A, Loiseau C, Valki\u016bnas G et al (2009) Prevalence and diversity patterns of avian blood parasites in degraded African rainforest habitats. Mol Ecol 18:4121\u20134133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2009.04346.x","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"5811_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2009.03.010","volume":"153","author":"D Costantini","year":"2009","unstructured":"Costantini D, M\u00f8ller AP (2009) Does immune response cause oxidative stress in birds? A meta-analysis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 153:339\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbpa.2009.03.010","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol"},{"key":"5811_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-021-00660-0","volume":"85","author":"F Dantas-Torres","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dantas-Torres F, Braz ARS, Sales KGS et al (2021) Tick infestation on birds in an urban Atlantic Forest fragment in north-eastern Brazil. Exp Appl Acarol 85:305\u2013318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10493-021-00660-0","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"5811_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2008.01467.x","volume":"22","author":"AK Davis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Davis AK, Maney DL, Maerz JC (2008) The use of leukocyte profiles to measure stress in vertebrates: a review for ecologists. Funct Ecol 22:760\u2013772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2008.01467.x","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"5811_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s10336-021-01947-0","volume":"163","author":"VA de Souza Penha","year":"2022","unstructured":"de Souza Penha VA, da Silva Rodrigues R (2022) Sex, age, mean annual temperature and year predict the body condition in Chiroxiphia caudata (Passeriformes: Pipridae). J Ornithol 163:445\u2013456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10336-021-01947-0","journal-title":"J Ornithol"},{"key":"5811_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/pao.2017.4","volume":"3","author":"D de Angeli Dutra","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Angeli Dutra D, Silveira P, Ramos JA et al (2017) Haemosporidian infections affect antioxidant defences in great tits Parus major but are not related to exposure to aerial pollutants. Parasitol Open 3:e4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/pao.2017.4","journal-title":"Parasitol Open"},{"key":"5811_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.08199","volume":"130","author":"D de Angeli Dutra","year":"2021","unstructured":"de Angeli Dutra D, Filion A, Fecchio A et al (2021) Migrant birds disperse haemosporidian parasites and affect their transmission in avian communities. Oikos 130:979\u2013988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/oik.08199","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"5811_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182023000549","volume":"150","author":"D de Angeli Dutra","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Angeli Dutra D, Khan AU, Ferreira FC et al (2023) Host phylogeny and seasonality shapes avian haemosporidian prevalence in a Brazilian biodiverse and dry forest: the Caatinga. Parasitology 150:1277\u20131285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0031182023000549","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"5811_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dajour.2024.100493","volume":"12","author":"MS de Oliveira","year":"2024","unstructured":"de Oliveira MS, Steffen V, Krukoski FA et al (2024) An integrated data envelopment analysis framework for operational efficiency assessment in Brazilian international airports. Dec Anal J 12:100493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dajour.2024.100493","journal-title":"Dec Anal J"},{"key":"5811_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2011.12.019","volume":"105","author":"CA Delgado-V","year":"2012","unstructured":"Delgado-V CA, French K (2012) Parasite\u2013bird interactions in urban areas: current evidence and emerging questions. Landsc Urban Plan 105:5\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2011.12.019","journal-title":"Landsc Urban Plan"},{"key":"5811_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13175","volume":"89","author":"JL DeVore","year":"2020","unstructured":"DeVore JL, Shine R, Ducatez S (2020) Urbanization and translocation disrupt the relationship between host density and parasite abundance. J Anim Ecol 89:1122\u20131133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1365-2656.13175","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"key":"5811_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2013.06.014","volume":"191","author":"MJ Dickens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dickens MJ, Romero LM (2013) A consensus endocrine profile for chronically stressed wild animals does not exist. Gen Comp Endocrinol 191:177\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ygcen.2013.06.014","journal-title":"Gen Comp Endocrinol"},{"key":"5811_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-22.3.420","volume":"22","author":"DE Docherty","year":"1986","unstructured":"Docherty DE, Long RIR (1986) Isolation of a poxvirus from a house finch, Carpodacus mexicanus (M\u00fcller). J Wildl Dis 22:420\u2013422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/0090-3558-22.3.420","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"5811_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coab060","volume":"9","author":"BM Dudek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dudek BM, Henderson MT, Hudon SF et al (2021) Hematophagous ectoparasites lower survival of and have detrimental physiological effects on golden eagle nestlings. Conserv Physiol 9:coab060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/conphys\/coab060","journal-title":"Conserv Physiol"},{"key":"5811_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-023-00732-z","volume":"100","author":"P Duval","year":"2023","unstructured":"Duval P, Antonelli P, Aschan-Leygonie C, Valiente Moro C (2023) Impact of human activities on disease-spreading mosquitoes in\nurban areas. J Urban Health 100:591\u2013611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-023-00732-z","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"5811_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3157","volume":"89","author":"SM Fallon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fallon SM, Ricklefs RE, Swanson BL, Bermingham E (2003) Detecting avian malaria: an improved polymerase chain reaction diagnostic. J Parasitol 89:1044\u20131047. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/GE-3157","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"5811_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/321873","volume":"2015","author":"RCG Fares","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fares RCG, Souza KPR, A\u00f1ez G, Rios M (2015) Epidemiological scenario of dengue in Brazil. Biomed Res Int 2015:321873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/321873","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"5811_CR47","first-page":"127","volume":"8","author":"A Fecchio","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fecchio A, Marini M\u00c2, Braga \u00c9M (2013) Baixa preval\u00eancia de hemoparasitos em aves silvestres no Cerrado do Brasil Central. Neotrop Biol Conserv 8:127\u2013135","journal-title":"Neotrop Biol Conserv"},{"key":"5811_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06986-9","volume":"120","author":"A Fecchio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fecchio A, de Faria IP, Bell JA et al (2021a) Mining increases the prevalence of avian haemosporidian parasites in Northeast Amazonia. Parasitol Res 120:605\u2013613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-020-06986-9","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"5811_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2020.102204","volume":"80","author":"A Fecchio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fecchio A, Ribeiro RM, Ferreira FC et al (2021b) Higher infection probability of haemosporidian parasites in Blue-black Grassquits (Volatinia jacarina) inhabiting native vegetation across Brazil. Parasitol Int 80:102204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parint.2020.102204","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"5811_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.13390","volume":"30","author":"A Fecchio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fecchio A, Clark NJ, Bell JA et al (2021c) Global drivers of avian haemosporidian infections vary across zoogeographical regions.\nGlob Ecol Biogeogr 30:2393\u20132406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/geb.13390","journal-title":"Glob Ecol Biogeogr"},{"key":"5811_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2013.11.003","volume":"34","author":"E Fernandes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fernandes E, Pacheco RR, Braga ME (2014) Brazilian airport economics from a geographical perspective. J Transp Geogr 34:71\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2013.11.003","journal-title":"J Transp Geogr"},{"key":"5811_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29002","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29002","volume":"6","author":"M Ferraguti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ferraguti M, Mart\u00ednez-de la Puente J, Roiz D et al (2016) Effects of landscape anthropization on mosquito community composition\nand abundance. Sci Rep 6:29002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep29002","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5811_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b16018","volume-title":"Bayesian data analysis","author":"A Gelman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gelman A, Carlin JB, Stern HS et al (2013) Bayesian data analysis, 3rd edn. Chapman and Hall\/CRC, Boca Raton","edition":"3"},{"key":"5811_CR52","unstructured":"Gelman A, Su Y (2022) arm: data analysis using regression and multilevel\/hierarchical models. R package version 1.13\u20131. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=arm"},{"key":"5811_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/aru207","volume":"26","author":"D Gil","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gil D, Honarmand M, Pascual J et al (2015) Birds living near airports advance their dawn chorus and reduce overlap with aircraft noise. Behav Ecol 26:435\u2013443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/beheco\/aru207","journal-title":"Behav Ecol"},{"key":"5811_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086747","volume":"9","author":"M Giraudeau","year":"2014","unstructured":"Giraudeau M, Mousel M, Earl S, McGraw K (2014) Parasites in the city: degree of urbanization predicts poxvirus and coccidian infections in house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus). PLoS ONE 9:e86747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0086747","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5811_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05848-4","volume":"16","author":"Y Han","year":"2023","unstructured":"Han Y, Hellgren O, Wu Q, Liu J, Jin T, Bensch S, Ding P (2023) Seasonal variations of intensity of avian malaria infection in the Thousand Island Lake system, China. Parasit Vectors 16:218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-023-05848-4","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"5811_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1139\/cjz-2013-0209","volume":"92","author":"VB Harriman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Harriman VB, Dawson RD, Clark RG et al (2014) Effects of ectoparasites on seasonal variation in quality of nestling tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). Can J Zool 92:87\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/cjz-2013-0209","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"5811_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-184R1","volume":"90","author":"O Hellgren","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hellgren O, Waldenstr\u00f6m J, Bensch S (2004) A new PCR assay for simultaneous studies of Leucocytozoon, Plasmodium, and Haemoproteus from avian blood. J Parasitol 90:797\u2013802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/GE-184R1","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"5811_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20201754","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.1754","volume":"287","author":"M Iglesias-Carrasco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Iglesias-Carrasco M, Aich U, Jennions MD, Head ML (2020) Stress in the city: meta-analysis indicates no overall evidence for stress in urban vertebrates. Proc R Soc B-Biol Sci 287:20201754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2020.1754","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B-Biol Sci"},{"key":"5811_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2013.08.006","volume":"64","author":"BR Jenkins","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jenkins BR, Vitousek MN, Safran RJ (2013) Signaling stress? An analysis of phaeomelanin-based plumage color and individual corticosterone levels at two temporal scales in North American barn swallows, Hirundo rustica erythrogaster. Horm Behav 64:665\u2013672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2013.08.006","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"5811_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11631","volume":"491","author":"W Jetz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jetz W, Thomas GH, Joy JB et al (2012) The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491:444\u2013448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature11631","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5811_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.203","volume":"651","author":"J Jim\u00e9nez-Pe\u00f1uela","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Pe\u00f1uela J, Ferraguti M, Mart\u00ednez-de la Puente J et al (2019) Urbanization and blood parasite infections affect the body condition of wild birds. Sci Total Environ 651:3015\u20133022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.203","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"5811_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.88205","volume":"12","author":"B Jimeno","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jimeno B, Verhulst S (2023) Meta-analysis reveals glucocorticoid levels reflect variation in metabolic rate, not \u2018stress.\u2019 Elife 12:e88205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.88205","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"5811_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06536","volume":"451","author":"KE Jones","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jones KE, Patel NG, Levy MA et al (2008) Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature 451:990\u2013993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature06536","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5811_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2003.12.006","volume":"19","author":"M Katti","year":"2004","unstructured":"Katti M, Warren PS (2004) Tits, noise and urban bioacoustics. Trends Ecol Evol 19:109\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tree.2003.12.006","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"5811_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002139","volume":"7","author":"GZ Laporta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Laporta GZ, Prado PIKL, Kraenkel RA et al (2013) Biodiversity can help prevent malaria outbreaks in tropical forests. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7:e2139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002139","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"5811_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20172610","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2017.2610","volume":"285","author":"J Lello","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lello J, McClure SJ, Tyrrell K, Viney ME (2018) Predicting the effects of parasite co-infection across species boundaries. Proc R Soc B-Biol Sci 285:20172610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2017.2610","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B-Biol Sci"},{"key":"5811_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12012","volume":"88","author":"H Lowry","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lowry H, Lill A, Wong BBM (2013) Behavioural responses of wildlife to urban environments. Biol Rev 88:537\u2013549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/brv.12012","journal-title":"Biol Rev"},{"key":"5811_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2017.04.012","volume":"8","author":"HR Luz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Luz HR, Faccini JLH, McIntosh D (2017) Molecular analyses reveal an abundant diversity of ticks and rickettsial agents associated with wild birds in two regions of primary Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis 8:657\u2013665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2017.04.012","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis"},{"key":"5811_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.11158\/saa.22.6.3","volume":"22","author":"PC Magalh\u00e3es-Matos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Magalh\u00e3es-Matos PC, Moraes MFD, Valim JRA et al (2017) Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) and lice (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae) infesting free-living coatis (Nasua nasua Linnaeus 1766) with sylvatic and synanthropic habits in the Atlantic rainforest of Southern Brazil. Syst Appl Acarol 22:779\u2013791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11158\/saa.22.6.3","journal-title":"Syst Appl Acarol"},{"key":"5811_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2105482118","volume":"118","author":"M Marani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marani M, Katul GG, Pan WK, Parolari AJ (2021) Intensity and frequency of extreme novel epidemics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 118:e2105482118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2105482118","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"5811_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.2307\/3281335","volume":"68","author":"L Margolis","year":"1982","unstructured":"Margolis L, Esch GW, Holmes JC, Kuris AM, Schad GA (1982) The use of ecological terms i n parasitology (report of an ad hoc committee of the American Society\u00a0of Parasitologists). J Parasitol 68(1):131\u2013133","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"5811_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2010.03.002","volume":"1","author":"TF Martins","year":"2010","unstructured":"Martins TF, Onofrio VC, Barros-Battesti DM, Labruna MB (2010) Nymphs of the genus Amblyomma (Acari: Ixodidae) of Brazil: descriptions, redescriptions, and identification key. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis 1:75\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2010.03.002","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis"},{"key":"5811_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014359024275","volume":"1","author":"MJ McDonnell","year":"1997","unstructured":"McDonnell MJ, Pickett STA, Groffman P et al (1997) Ecosystem processes along an urban-to-rural gradient. Urban Ecosyst 1:21\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1014359024275","journal-title":"Urban Ecosyst"},{"key":"5811_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2391","volume":"333","author":"KJ McGraw","year":"2020","unstructured":"McGraw KJ, Chou K, Bridge A et al (2020) Body condition and poxvirus infection predict circulating glucose levels in a colorful songbird that inhabits urban and rural environments. J Exp Zool Part a: Ecol Integrat Physiol 333:561\u2013568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jez.2391","journal-title":"J Exp Zool Part a: Ecol Integrat Physiol"},{"key":"5811_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/ari087","volume":"16","author":"JM McNamara","year":"2005","unstructured":"McNamara JM, Buchanan KL (2005) Stress, resource allocation, and mortality. Behav Ecol 16:1008\u20131017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/beheco\/ari087","journal-title":"Behav Ecol"},{"key":"5811_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-6174-2","volume":"118","author":"E Mori","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mori E, Sala JP, Fattorini N et al (2019) Ectoparasite sharing among native and invasive birds in a metropolitan area. Parasitol Res 118:399\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-018-6174-2","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"5811_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.1678-4456.v53i1p1-31","volume":"53","author":"M Ogrzewalska","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ogrzewalska M, Pinter A (2016) Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) as ectoparasites of Brazilian wild birds and their association with rickettsial diseases. Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci 53:1\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11606\/issn.1678-4456.v53i1p1-31","journal-title":"Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci"},{"key":"5811_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.939968","volume":"29","author":"DV Parums","year":"2023","unstructured":"Parums DV (2023) Editorial: Global surveillance of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in poultry, wild birds, and mammals to prevent a human influenza pandemic. Med Sci Monit 29:e939968. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12659\/MSM.939968","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"5811_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s10336-014-1058-4","volume":"155","author":"E Podmok\u0142a","year":"2014","unstructured":"Podmok\u0142a E, Dubiec A, Drobniak SM, Arct A, Gustafsson L, Cicho\u0144 M (2014) Determinants of prevalence and intensity of infection with malaria parasites in the Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus). J Ornithol 155:721\u2013727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10336-014-1058-4","journal-title":"J Ornithol"},{"key":"5811_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1942","volume":"323","author":"LJE Pryor","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pryor LJE, Casto JM (2015) Blood-feeding ectoparasites as developmental stressors: does corticosterone mediate effects of mite infestation on nestling growth, immunity and energy availability? J Exp Zool A Ecol Genet Physiol 323:466\u2013477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jez.1942","journal-title":"J Exp Zool A Ecol Genet Physiol"},{"key":"5811_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2097","volume":"327","author":"LJE Pryor","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pryor LJE, Casto JM (2017) Ectoparasites as developmental stressors: effects on somatic and physiological development. J Exp Zool A Ecol Integr Physiol 327:311\u2013321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jez.2097","journal-title":"J Exp Zool A Ecol Integr Physiol"},{"key":"5811_CR82","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2019","unstructured":"R Core Team (2019) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria"},{"key":"5811_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reyes R, Ahn R, Thurber K, Burke TF (2013) Urbanization and infectious diseases: general principles, historical perspectives, and\ncontemporary challenges. In: Challenges in infectious diseases. Springer, New York, pp 123\u2013146","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-4496-1_4"},{"key":"5811_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20240617","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2024.0617","volume":"291","author":"R Reid","year":"2024","unstructured":"Reid R, Capilla-Lasheras P, Haddou Y et al (2024) The impact of urbanization on health depends on the health metric, life stage and level of urbanization: a global meta-analysis on avian species. Proc R Soc B-Biol Sci 291:20240617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2024.0617","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B-Biol Sci"},{"key":"5811_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1569-3","volume":"9","author":"MT Reinoso-P\u00e9rez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Reinoso-P\u00e9rez MT, Canales-Delgadillo JC, Chapa-Vargas L, Rodr\u00edguez-Estrella R, Ortega J, Gonz\u00e1lez-Salazar C (2016) Haemosporidian parasite prevalence, parasitemia, and diversity in three resident bird species at a shrubland-dominated landscape of the Mexican highland plateau. Parasit Vectors 9:307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-016-1569-3","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"5811_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.3184\/175815516X14725499175665","volume":"9","author":"SJ Reynolds","year":"2016","unstructured":"Reynolds SJ, Davies CS, Elwell E et al (2016) Does the urban gradient influence the composition and ectoparasite load of nests of an urban bird species? Avian Biol Res 9:224\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3184\/175815516X14725499175665","journal-title":"Avian Biol Res"},{"key":"5811_CR86","first-page":"89","volume-title":"Cerrado: ambiente e flora","author":"JF Ribeiro","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ribeiro JF, Walter BMT (1998) Fitofisionomias do bioma cerrado. In: Sano SM, Almeida SP (eds) Cerrado: ambiente e flora. EMBRAPA-CPAC, Planaltina, pp 89\u2013166"},{"key":"5811_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5902\/2179460X40002","volume":"42","author":"PVA Ribeiro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ribeiro PVA, Baesse CQ, Tolentino VCM et al (2020) Haemosporidian parasites prevalence associated with physical conditioning of avian species from the Brazilian Cerrado. Cienc Nat 42:e50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5902\/2179460X40002","journal-title":"Cienc Nat"},{"key":"5811_CR88","unstructured":"Ritchie H, Roser M (2021) Transport. Our World in Data. https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/transport. Accessed [August 22nd 2025]."},{"key":"5811_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jairtraman.2015.11.003","volume":"51","author":"PM Rocha","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rocha PM, Barros AP, Silva GB, Costa HG (2016) Analysis of the operational performance of Brazilian airport terminals: a multicriteria approach with de borda-AHP integration. J Air Transp Manag 51:19\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jairtraman.2015.11.003","journal-title":"J Air Transp Manag"},{"key":"5811_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.11555","volume":"9","author":"RA Rodrigues","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rodrigues RA, Felix GMF, Pichorim M et al (2021) Host migration and environmental temperature influence avian haemosporidians prevalence: a molecular survey in a Brazilian Atlantic rainforest. PeerJ 9:e11555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.11555","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"5811_CR91","volume-title":"Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual","author":"J Sambrook","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sambrook J, Russel DW (2001) Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, 3rd edn. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor","edition":"3"},{"key":"5811_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031098","volume":"7","author":"D Santiago-Alarcon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Santiago-Alarcon D, Havelka P, Schaefer HM, Segelbacher G (2012) Bloodmeal analysis reveals avian Plasmodium infections and broad host preferences of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) vectors. PLoS ONE 7:e31098. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0031098","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5811_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2015.09.001","volume":"4","author":"RNM Sehgal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sehgal RNM (2015) Manifold habitat effects on the prevalence and diversity of avian blood parasites. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 4:421\u2013430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2015.09.001","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl"},{"key":"5811_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2023.10.001","volume":"54","author":"CM Seidl","year":"2024","unstructured":"Seidl CM, Ferreira FC, Parise KL, Paxton KL, Paxton EH, Atkinson CT, Fleischer RC, Foster JT, Kilpatrick AM (2024) Linking avian malaria parasitemia estimates from quantitative PCR and microscopy reveals new infection patterns in Hawai\u2019i. Int J Parasitol 54:123\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpara.2023.10.001","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"5811_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:osobl\/9780199661572.003.0001","volume-title":"Avian urban ecology","author":"DF Shanahan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shanahan DF, Strohbach MW, Warren PS, Fuller RA (2013) The challenges of urban living. In: Gil D, Brumm H (eds) Avian urban ecology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 3\u201320"},{"key":"5811_CR96","unstructured":"Silva RB (2017) Chigger mites (Trombidiformes: Trombiculidae) of birds from Brazilian southeastern: morphological studies and investigation of the presence of Rickettsia spp. PhD thesis, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"5811_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12217","volume":"83","author":"JR St Juliana","year":"2014","unstructured":"St Juliana JR, Khokhlova IS, Wielebnowski N et al (2014) Ectoparasitism and stress hormones: strategy of host exploitation, common host\u2013parasite history and energetics matter. J Anim Ecol 83:1113\u20131123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1365-2656.12217","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"key":"5811_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2744","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13595","volume":"90","author":"AR Sweeny","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sweeny AR, Albery GF, Becker DJ et al (2021) Synzootics. J Anim Ecol 90:2744\u20132754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1365-2656.13595","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"key":"5811_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00027","volume":"3","author":"MPJ Szab\u00f3","year":"2013","unstructured":"Szab\u00f3 MPJ, Pinter A, Labruna MB (2013) Ecology, biology and distribution of spotted-fever tick vectors in Brazil. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 3:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00027","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"5811_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-84782013005000121","volume":"43","author":"K Torga","year":"2013","unstructured":"Torga K, Tolesano-Pascoli G, Vasquez JB et al (2013) Carrapatos em aves em matas de cerrado ao longo do rio Uberabinha na regi\u00e3o do Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Cienc Rural 43:1852\u20131857. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0103-84782013005000121","journal-title":"Cienc Rural"},{"key":"5811_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/b9e995fe-en","volume-title":"World urbanization prospects: the 2018 revision","author":"United Nations - Department of Economic and Social Affairs - Population Division","year":"2019","unstructured":"United Nations - Department of Economic and Social Affairs - Population Division (2019) World urbanization prospects: the 2018 revision. United Nations, New York"},{"key":"5811_CR102","volume-title":"Avian malaria parasites and other haemosporidia","author":"G Valki\u016bnas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Valki\u016bnas G (2005) Avian malaria parasites and other haemosporidia. CRC Press, Boca Raton"},{"key":"5811_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3390\/land11020291","volume":"11","author":"C Xiong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xiong C, Tian Y, Liu X et al (2022) The different impacts of airports on the ecological environment under distinct institutional contexts. Land 11:291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/land11020291","journal-title":"Land"}],"container-title":["Oecologia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00442-025-05811-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00442-025-05811-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00442-025-05811-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T02:44:18Z","timestamp":1762137858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00442-025-05811-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["5811"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00442-025-05811-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0029-8549","1432-1939"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0029-8549"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1432-1939"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"All applicable institutional and\/or national guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"NA.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"172"}}