{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:45:10Z","timestamp":1792089910747,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Green-Wood Cemetery","award":["Green-Wood Research Fellowship Award in Urban Environmental Science"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Green-Wood Research Fellowship Award in Urban Environmental Science"]}]},{"name":"CSTEP Program of NYSED","award":["0537252016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0537252016"]}]},{"name":"CSTEP Program of NYSED","award":["0537231071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0537231071"]}]},{"name":"DoEd MSEIP Program","award":["P120A210054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P120A210054"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Oecologia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cities and suburbs frequently plant native and non-native trees as foundation species, with non-natives cultivated in these areas for centuries while remaining non-invasive. Although previous research has found that native trees often host more arthropods, studies have not simultaneously looked across space and time to determine the consistency of tree origin on urban arthropods. We combined varied methods across spatial and temporal scales in New York City to test if native tree leaves consistently have more insect and mite interactions than long-established non-native trees, predicting stronger effect sizes for specialists (galling arthropods) than generalists (herbivory). We examined (1) congeneric species pairs, controlled for growing conditions and stoichiometry in an arboretum, (2) diverse oaks at a botanical garden, (3) community science records across Brooklyn, and (4) herbarium specimens from 1883 through present across the city. Across spatiotemporal scales, we found consistent results. Specialist interactions were striking: contemporary native trees supported numerous galling species, while only one congeneric non-native species hosted any galls. For generalists, contemporary native trees had equivalent to slightly greater herbivory. Over the last century, herbarium records showed that herbivory increased on non-native trees to nearly the level of natives, whereas native trees increased in gall abundance while non-native trees remained rarely galled. Our results demonstrate the impact of tree origin on tree-arthropod interactions in a real-world urban setting, with far fewer galls even when non-native tree species have been cultivated locally for centuries. Our findings will help city planners and property owners confidently choose native trees to promote arthropod biodiversity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-026-05951-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:51:44Z","timestamp":1788522704000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The impact of non-native trees on galling and herbivory in New York City across space and time"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"208","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8003-2771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liam D.","family":"Engel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adanna","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irma","family":"Cardenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dunya","family":"Abdulkarem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia C.","family":"Vasquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9250-3091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evon","family":"Hekkala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5355-008X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily M.","family":"Herstoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7870-433X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Tessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"5951_CR1","first-page":"651","volume":"7","author":"AA Agrawal","year":"2005","unstructured":"Agrawal AA (2005) Natural selection on common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) by a community of specialized insect herbivores. Evol Ecol Res 7:651\u2013667","journal-title":"Evol Ecol Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"5951_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2979","DOI":"10.1890\/05-0219","volume":"86","author":"AA Agrawal","year":"2005","unstructured":"Agrawal AA, Kotanen PM, Mitchell CE, Power AG, Godsoe W, Klironomos J (2005) Enemy release? An experiment with congeneric plant pairs and diverse above- and belowground enemies. Ecology 86(11):2979\u20132989. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1890\/05-0219","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"5951_CR3","unstructured":"Alberti M, with Bradley G, Marzluff JM (2008) Urban Ecology: An International Perspective on the Interaction between Humans and Nature. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC"},{"issue":"9","key":"5951_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biaa079","volume":"70","author":"M Alberti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alberti M, Palkovacs EP, Roches SD, De Meester L, Brans KI, Govaert L, Grimm NB, Harris NC, Hendry AP, Schell CJ, Szulkin M, Munshi-South J, Urban MC, Verrelli BC (2020) The Complexity of Urban Eco-evolutionary Dynamics. Bioscience 70(9):772\u2013793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biosci\/biaa079","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"5951_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2020.103959","volume":"205","author":"K Berthon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Berthon K, Thomas F, Bekessy S (2021) The role of \u2018nativeness\u2019 in urban greening to support animal biodiversity. Landsc Urban Plann 205:103959. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2020.103959","journal-title":"Landsc Urban Plann"},{"key":"5951_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00285.x","author":"SP Blomberg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Blomberg SP, Garland JR, T., Ives AR (2003) Labile Evol 57(4):717\u2013745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00285.x. Testing for Phylogenetic Signal in Comparative Data: Behavioral Traits Are More"},{"issue":"6","key":"5951_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-4642.2008.00511.x","volume":"14","author":"M Br\u00e4ndle","year":"2008","unstructured":"Br\u00e4ndle M, K\u00fchn I, Klotz S, Belle C, Brandl R (2008) Species richness of herbivores on exotic host plants increases with time since introduction of the host. Divers Distrib 14(6):905\u2013912. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1472-4642.2008.00511.x","journal-title":"Divers Distrib"},{"issue":"12","key":"5951_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1111\/ddi.12122","volume":"19","author":"KT Burghardt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Burghardt KT, Tallamy DW (2013) Plant origin asymmetrically impacts feeding guilds and life stages driving community structure of herbivorous arthropods. Divers Distrib 19(12):1553\u20131565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ddi.12122","journal-title":"Divers Distrib"},{"issue":"10","key":"5951_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12492","volume":"18","author":"KT Burghardt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Burghardt KT, Tallamy DW (2015) Not all non-natives are equally unequal: Reductions in herbivore \u03b2-diversity depend on phylogenetic similarity to native plant community. Ecol Lett 18(10):1087\u20131098. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ele.12492","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"issue":"3","key":"5951_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00346488","volume":"48","author":"RG Cates","year":"1981","unstructured":"Cates RG (1981) Host Plant Predictability and the Feeding Patterns of Monophagous, Oligophagous, and Polyphagous Insect Herbivores. Oecologia 48(3):319\u2013326","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"5951_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.48044\/jauf.2015.017","volume":"41","author":"L Chalker-Scott","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chalker-Scott L, Arboriculture (2015) Urban Forestry (AUF), 41(4), 173\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48044\/jauf.2015.017","journal-title":"Urban Forestry (AUF)"},{"key":"5951_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/nvy071","author":"CS Clem","year":"2018","unstructured":"Clem CS, Held DW (2018) Non-Natives? Environ Entomol 47(4):881\u2013889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ee\/nvy071. Associational Interactions Between Urban Trees: Are Native Neighbors Better Than"},{"issue":"11","key":"5951_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3161","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-017-1466-5","volume":"19","author":"G Cs\u00f3ka","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cs\u00f3ka G, Stone N, G., Melika G (2017) Non-native gall-inducing insects on forest trees: A global review. Biol Invasions 19(11):3161\u20133181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10530-017-1466-5","journal-title":"Biol Invasions"},{"issue":"10","key":"5951_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/s44358-025-00071-8","volume":"1","author":"BH Daru","year":"2025","unstructured":"Daru BH, Zhigila DA (2025) Unlocking historical plant interactions in herbarium collections. Nat Reviews Biodivers 1(10):627\u2013643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44358-025-00071-8","journal-title":"Nat Reviews Biodivers"},{"issue":"1","key":"5951_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-023-01427-8","volume":"27","author":"AC De Andrade","year":"2024","unstructured":"De Andrade AC, Pereira-Colavite A (2024) Galls in the city: Effects of urbanization on the interaction of a highly specialized fly (Neolasioptera sp) and a wildflower (Turnera subulata) in tropical environments. Urban Ecosyst 27(1):27\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11252-023-01427-8","journal-title":"Urban Ecosyst"},{"key":"5951_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Denig BR, Macrae PF Jr., Gao X, Bassuk NL (2014) Clonal Propagation of Oak Hybrids Using a Modified Layering Technique. Acta Hort 1055253\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17660\/ActaHortic.2014.1055.56","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2014.1055.56"},{"key":"5951_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2020.126816","volume":"55","author":"DA Doroski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Doroski DA, Ashton MS, Duguid MC (2020) The future urban forest \u2013 A survey of tree planting programs in the Northeastern United States. Urban Forestry Urban Green 55:126816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ufug.2020.126816","journal-title":"Urban Forestry Urban Green"},{"key":"5951_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2024.105249","volume":"254","author":"M Dutta","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dutta M, Herreros-Cantis P, McPhearson T, Mustafa A, Palmer MI, Tosca M, Ventrella J, Cook EM (2025) New York City 2100: Environmental justice implications of future scenarios for addressing extreme heat. Landsc Urban Plann 254:105249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2024.105249","journal-title":"Landsc Urban Plann"},{"issue":"33","key":"5951_CR20","first-page":"1","volume":"33","author":"LD Engel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Engel LD, Carlen EJ, Losos JB, Winchell KM (2020) Eastern Gray Squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) differ in abundance and response to humans across urban habitats of St. Louis Urban Naturalist 33(33):1\u201316","journal-title":"Louis Urban Naturalist"},{"key":"5951_CR21","unstructured":"Felson AJ, Oldfield EE, Bradford MA (2014) Constructing native urban forests as experiments to evaluate resilience. Scenario Journal, (4)"},{"issue":"1","key":"5951_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-015-0493-1","volume":"19","author":"ER Gray","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gray ER, Van Heezik Y (2016) Exotic trees can sustain native birds in urban woodlands. Urban Ecosyst 19(1):315\u2013329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11252-015-0493-1","journal-title":"Urban Ecosyst"},{"issue":"5864","key":"5951_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1150195","volume":"319","author":"NB Grimm","year":"2008","unstructured":"Grimm NB, Faeth SH, Golubiewski NE, Redman CL, Wu J, Bai X, Briggs JM (2008) Global change and the ecology of cities. Science 319(5864):756\u2013760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1150195","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"5951_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Harris MO, Pitzschke A (2020) Plants make galls to accommodate foreigners: some are friends, most are foes. New Phyt 225(5):1852\u20131872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nph.16340","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.16340"},{"issue":"5","key":"5951_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/aec.12216","volume":"40","author":"KJ Harvey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Harvey KJ, Nipperess DA, Britton DR, Hughes L (2015) Comparison of invertebrate herbivores on native and non-native Senecio species: Implications for the enemy release hypothesis. Austral Ecol 40(5):503\u2013514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aec.12216","journal-title":"Austral Ecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5951_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1086\/522842","volume":"170","author":"CV Hawkes","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hawkes CV (2007) Are invaders moving targets? The generality and persistence of advantages in size, reproduction, and enemy release in invasive plant species with time since introduction. Am Nat 170(6):832\u2013843. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/522842","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"issue":"3","key":"5951_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-012-0231-x","volume":"15","author":"AJ Helden","year":"2012","unstructured":"Helden AJ, Stamp GC, Leather SR (2012) Urban biodiversity: Comparison of insect assemblages on native and non-native trees. Urban Ecosyst 15(3):611\u2013624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11252-012-0231-x","journal-title":"Urban Ecosyst"},{"key":"5951_CR28","unstructured":"Herstoff EM, Frias MA, Chelminski A, Alokam Y, Gallardo-Parada JR, Genter J, Tessler M (2024) Zooplankton of the East River (Brooklyn Bridge Park, New York). Urban Naturalist 11(71)"},{"key":"5951_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2025.129050","volume":"113","author":"EM Herstoff","year":"2025","unstructured":"Herstoff EM, Engel LD, Tessler M (2025) Closely related native and non-native urban trees have similar leaf chemistries. Urban Forestry Urban Green 113:129050. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ufug.2025.129050","journal-title":"Urban Forestry Urban Green"},{"issue":"3","key":"5951_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-009-1403-0","volume":"161","author":"SB Hill","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hill SB, Kotanen PM (2009) Evidence that phylogenetically novel non-indigenous plants experience less herbivory. Oecologia 161(3):581\u2013590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00442-009-1403-0","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"5951_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.16162","volume":"226","author":"AL Hipp","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hipp AL, Manos PS, Hahn M, Avishai M, Bod\u00e9n\u00e8s C, Cavender-Bares J, Crowl AA, Deng M, Denk T, Fitz-Gibbon S, Gailing O, Gonz\u00e1lez-Elizondo MS, Gonz\u00e1lez-Rodr\u00edguez A, Grimm GW, Jiang X-L, Kremer A, Lesur I, McVay JD, Plomion C, Rodriguez-Correa H, Schulze E-D, Simeone MC, Sork VL, Valencia-Avalos S (2020) Genomic landscape of the global oak phylogeny. New Phytol 226(4):1198\u20131212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nph.16162","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5951_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.13998","volume":"111","author":"K Ivison","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ivison K, Speed JDM, Prest\u00f8 T, Dawson W (2023) Testing enemy release of non-native plants across time and space using herbarium specimens in Norway. J Ecol 111(2):300\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1365-2745.13998","journal-title":"J Ecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5951_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(02)02499-0","volume":"17","author":"RM Keane","year":"2002","unstructured":"Keane RM, Crawley MJ (2002) Exotic plant invasions and the enemy release hypothesis. Trends Ecol Evol 17(4):164\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0169-5347(02)02499-0","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"9","key":"5951_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-013-0436-9","volume":"15","author":"N Kirichenko","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kirichenko N, P\u00e9r\u00e9 C, Baranchikov Y, Schaffner U, Kenis M (2013) Do alien plants escape from natural enemies of congeneric residents? Yes but not from all. Biol Invasions 15(9):2105\u20132113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10530-013-0436-9","journal-title":"Biol Invasions"},{"issue":"7","key":"5951_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcab016","volume":"127","author":"MV Kozlov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kozlov MV, Sokolova IV, Zverev V, Zvereva EL (2021) Changes in plant collection practices from the 16th to 21st centuries: Implications for the use of herbarium specimens in global change research. Ann Botany 127(7):865\u2013873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aob\/mcab016","journal-title":"Ann Botany"},{"key":"5951_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158603","volume":"853","author":"M Laux","year":"2022","unstructured":"Laux M, Lv H, Entling MH, Schirmel J, Narang A, K\u00f6hler M, Saha S (2022) Native pedunculate oaks support more biodiversity than non-native oaks, but non-native oaks are healthier than native oaks: A study on street and park trees of a city. Sci Total Environ 853:158603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158603","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"3","key":"5951_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12380","DOI":"10.1002\/2688-8319.12380","volume":"5","author":"D Lerch","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lerch D, Bl\u00fcthgen N, Mody K (2024) Home sweet home: Evaluation of native versus exotic plants as resources for insects in urban green spaces. Ecol Solutions Evid 5(3):e12380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2688-8319.12380","journal-title":"Ecol Solutions Evid"},{"issue":"10","key":"5951_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.48044\/jauf.1976.045","volume":"2","author":"C Lewis","year":"1976","unstructured":"Lewis C (1976) Our American heritage: Trees. Arboric Urban Forestry 2(10):181\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48044\/jauf.1976.045","journal-title":"Arboric Urban Forestry"},{"issue":"6","key":"5951_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12350","volume":"28","author":"AR Litt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Litt AR, Cord EE, Fulbright TE, Schuster GL (2014) Effects of invasive plants on arthropods. Conserv Biol 28(6):1532\u20131549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cobi.12350","journal-title":"Conserv Biol"},{"key":"5951_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu J, Slik F (2022) Are street trees friendly to biodiversity? Landscape and Urban Planning. 218:104304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2021.104304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2021.104304"},{"issue":"1","key":"5951_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1006\/mpev.2001.0993","volume":"21","author":"C Lopez-Vaamonde","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lopez-Vaamonde C, Rasplus JY, Weiblen GD, Cook JM (2001) Molecular phylogenies of fig wasps: Partial cocladogenesis of pollinators and parasites. Mol Phylogenet Evol 21(1):55\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/mpev.2001.0993","journal-title":"Mol Phylogenet Evol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5951_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/bij.12816","volume":"119","author":"HD Loxdale","year":"2016","unstructured":"Loxdale HD, Harvey JA (2016) The \u2018generalism\u2019 debate: Misinterpreting the term in the empirical literature focusing on dietary breadth in insects. Biol J Linn Soc 119(2):265\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bij.12816","journal-title":"Biol J Linn Soc"},{"issue":"6","key":"5951_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7917.2012.01524.x","volume":"19","author":"SF Matter","year":"2012","unstructured":"Matter SF, Brzyski JR, Harrison CJ, Hyams S, Loo C, Loomis J, Lubbers HR, Seastrum L, Stamper TI, Stein AM, Stokes R, Wilkerson BS (2012) Invading from the garden? A comparison of leaf herbivory for exotic and native plants in natural and ornamental settings. Insect Sci 19(6):677\u2013682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1744-7917.2012.01524.x","journal-title":"Insect Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"5951_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2005.09.005","volume":"127","author":"ML McKinney","year":"2006","unstructured":"McKinney ML (2006) Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization. Biol Conserv 127(3):247\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biocon.2005.09.005","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"issue":"3","key":"5951_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2007.03.007","volume":"43","author":"MJ McLeish","year":"2007","unstructured":"McLeish MJ, Crespi BJ, Chapman TW, Schwarz MP (2007) Parallel diversification of Australian gall-thrips on Acacia. Mol Phylogenet Evol 43(3):714\u2013725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ympev.2007.03.007","journal-title":"Mol Phylogenet Evol"},{"key":"5951_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2778","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2778","volume":"4","author":"K Meijer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Meijer K, Schilthuizen M, Beukeboom L, Smit C (2016) A review and meta-analysis of the enemy release hypothesis in plant\u2013herbivorous insect systems. PeerJ 4:e2778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.2778","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"5951_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.13057","volume":"107","author":"EK Meineke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Meineke EK, Classen AT, Sanders NJ, Davies J, T (2019) Herbarium specimens reveal increasing herbivory over the past century. J Ecol 107(1):105\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1365-2745.13057","journal-title":"J Ecol"},{"key":"5951_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.14411\/eje.2020.004","volume":"117","author":"S Meyer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meyer S, Rusterholz H-P, Baur B (2020) Urbanisation and forest size affect the infestation rates of plant-galling arthropods and damage by herbivorous insects. Eur J Entomol 117:34\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14411\/eje.2020.004","journal-title":"Eur J Entomol"},{"key":"5951_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Narango DL, Tallamy DW, Marra PP (2018) Nonnative plants reduce population growth of an insectivorous bird. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(45), 11549\u201311554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1809259115","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1809259115"},{"key":"5951_CR50","unstructured":"National Research Council (2002) Immigration: Predicting the mode and pathways of introduction. In: Predicting Invasions of Nonindigenous Plants and Plant Pests. National Academies Press (US). https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK207523\/"},{"key":"5951_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nieves-Aldrey JL, Nicholls JA, Tang C-T, Melika G, Stone GN, Pujade-Villar J, Buffington M, Maldonado Y, Medianero E, Villar, Melika (2021) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), including new combinations of Nearctic species and the description of a new species from Panama. Zootaxa, 4938(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11646\/zootaxa.4938.2.3","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.4938.2.3"},{"key":"5951_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nixon KC, Kappelle M (2006) vol 185, 3\u201316). Springer- Berlin Heidelberg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/3-540-28909-7_32","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-28909-7_32"},{"key":"5951_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3389\/ffgc.2020.00009","volume":"3","author":"SM Noe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Noe SM, Niinemets \u00dc (2020) Impact of gall-forming insects on global BVOC emissions and climate: A perspective. Front Forests Global Change 3:9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/ffgc.2020.00009","journal-title":"Front Forests Global Change"},{"key":"5951_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nowak DJ, Bodine AR, Hoehn RE, Ellis A, Hirabayashi S, Coville R, Auyeung DSN, Sonti NF, Hallett RA, Johnson ML, Stephan E, Taggart T, Endreny T (2018) The urban forest of New York City. NRS-RB-117. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2737\/NRS-RB-117. (NRS-RB-117","DOI":"10.2737\/NRS-RB-117"},{"key":"5951_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pearse IS, Hipp AL (2009) Phylogenetic and trait similarity to a native species predict herbivory on non-native oaks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(43), 18097\u201318102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0904867106","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904867106"},{"key":"5951_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pearse IS, Hipp AL (2014) Native plant diversity increases herbivory to non-natives. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281(1794), 20141841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2014.1841","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.1841"},{"key":"5951_CR57","unstructured":"Peterson JS, Henson JF, Oaks W, Kartesz JT (1997) The plants database: Providing basic plant information. IGC Proceedings (1985\u20132023), 3"},{"key":"5951_CR58","unstructured":"Prince\u2019s Select Catalogue of Fruit & Ornamental Trees. (1849). WM R Prince & Co"},{"key":"5951_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2021.127078","volume":"61","author":"RA Rae","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rae RA (2021) Cemeteries as public urban green space: Management, funding and form. Urban Forestry Urban Green 61:127078. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ufug.2021.127078","journal-title":"Urban Forestry Urban Green"},{"issue":"12","key":"5951_CR60","first-page":"2503","volume":"55","author":"F Ronquist","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ronquist F, Liljeblad J (2001) Evolution of the gall wasp-host plant association. Evolution 55(12):2503\u20132522","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"issue":"3","key":"5951_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/een.12809","volume":"45","author":"EM Rothwell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rothwell EM, Holeski LM (2020) Phytochemical defences and performance of specialist and generalist herbivores: A meta-analysis. Ecol Entomol 45(3):396\u2013405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/een.12809","journal-title":"Ecol Entomol"},{"issue":"11","key":"5951_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2011.08.019","volume":"262","author":"J Sardans","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sardans J, Rivas-Ubach A, Pe\u00f1uelas J (2011) Factors affecting nutrient concentration and stoichiometry of forest trees in Catalonia (NE Spain). For Ecol Manag 262(11):2024\u20132034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foreco.2011.08.019","journal-title":"For Ecol Manag"},{"key":"5951_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2020.126861","volume":"56","author":"MA Schlaepfer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schlaepfer MA, Guinaudeau BP, Martin P, Wyler N (2020) Quantifying the contributions of native and non-native trees to a city\u2019s biodiversity and ecosystem services. Urban Forestry Urban Green 56:126861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ufug.2020.126861","journal-title":"Urban Forestry Urban Green"},{"key":"5951_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schowalter TD, Noriega JA, Tscharntke T (2018) Insect effects on ecosystem services\u2014Introduction. Basic and Applied Ecology, Insect Effects on Ecosystem Services, 26, 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.baae.2017.09.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baae.2017.09.011"},{"issue":"11","key":"5951_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70247","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.70247","volume":"28","author":"LJ Schulte","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schulte LJ, Wahl M, Staude IR (2025) Non-native plants attain native levels of microherbivory richness with time and range expansion. Ecol Lett 28(11):e70247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ele.70247","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"issue":"7","key":"5951_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3390\/f7070134","volume":"7","author":"C Shackleton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shackleton C (2016) Do indigenous street trees promote more biodiversity than alien ones? Evidence using mistletoes and birds in South Africa. Forests 7(7):134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/f7070134","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"5951_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2016.06.011","volume":"18","author":"H Sj\u00f6man","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sj\u00f6man H, Morgenroth J, Sj\u00f6man JD, S\u00e6b\u00f8 A, Kowarik I (2016) Diversification of the urban forest\u2014Can we afford to exclude exotic tree species? Urban Forestry Urban Green 18:237\u2013241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ufug.2016.06.011","journal-title":"Urban Forestry Urban Green"},{"key":"5951_CR68","unstructured":"Stein J, Binion D, Acciavatti R (2001) Field guide to native oak species in Eastern North America. USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown. West Virginia. FHTET-03-01"},{"key":"5951_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stemmelen A, Paquette A, Benot M-L, Kadiri Y, Jactel H, Castagneyrol B (2022) Insect herbivory on urban trees: Complementary effects of tree neighbours and predation. Peer Community J 2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24072\/pcjournal.106","DOI":"10.24072\/pcjournal.106"},{"key":"5951_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sterner RW, Elser JJ (2002) Ecological stoichiometry: The biology of elements from molecules to the biosphere. Princeton University Press. https:\/\/press.princeton.edu\/books\/paperback\/9780691074917\/ecological-stoichiometry","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400885695"},{"issue":"4","key":"5951_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2008.00604.x","volume":"63","author":"GN Stone","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stone GN, Hernandez-Lopez A, Nicholls JA, Di Pierro E, Pujade-Villar J, Melika G, Cook JM (2009) Extreme host plant conservatism during at least 20 million years of host plant pursuit by oak gallwasps. Evolution 63(4):854\u2013869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2008.00604.x","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"5951_CR72","unstructured":"Street Tree Planting Standards for New York City (2016) City of New York Parks & Recreation"},{"key":"5951_CR73","unstructured":"Strong DR, Lawton JH, Southwood SR (1984) Insects on plants: Community patterns and mechanisms. Harvard University Press"},{"issue":"4","key":"5951_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1653\/024.092.0408","volume":"92","author":"SE Sumoski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sumoski SE, Johncox AJ, Althoff DM, Segraves KA (2009) Impact of urbanization on tri-trophic interactions in an endemic scrub community. Fla Entomol 92(4):582\u2013587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1653\/024.092.0408","journal-title":"Fla Entomol"},{"key":"5951_CR75","unstructured":"Tallamy DW (2021) The nature of oaks. Timberland Press. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Nature_of_Oaks.html?id=4KEdEAAAQBAJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"5951_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2009.01202.x","volume":"23","author":"DW Tallamy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tallamy DW, Shropshire KJ (2009) Ranking lepidopteran use of native versus introduced plants. Conserv Biol 23(4):941\u2013947. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2009.01202.x","journal-title":"Conserv Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5951_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1111\/een.12973","volume":"46","author":"DW Tallamy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tallamy DW, Narango DL, Mitchell AB (2021) Do non-native plants contribute to insect declines? Ecol Entomol 46(4):729\u2013742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/een.12973","journal-title":"Ecol Entomol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5951_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-024-01610-5","volume":"27","author":"ES Tartaglia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tartaglia ES, Aronson MFJ (2024) Plant native: Comparing biodiversity benefits, ecosystem services provisioning, and plant performance of native and non-native plants in urban horticulture. Urban Ecosyst 27(6):2587\u20132611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11252-024-01610-5","journal-title":"Urban Ecosyst"},{"key":"5951_CR79","unstructured":"The R Foundation. (n.d.). R: The R Project for Statistical Computing. Retrieved January 16 (2025) from https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/index.html"},{"issue":"3","key":"5951_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/s12228-016-9423-7","volume":"68","author":"BM Thiers","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thiers BM, Tulig MC, Watson KA (2016) Digitization of the New York Botanical Garden Herbarium. Brittonia 68(3):324\u2013333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12228-016-9423-7","journal-title":"Brittonia"},{"issue":"7567","key":"5951_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14910","volume":"525","author":"M van Kleunen","year":"2015","unstructured":"van Kleunen M, Dawson W, Essl F, Pergl J, Winter M, Weber E, Kreft H, Weigelt P, Kartesz J, Nishino M, Antonova LA, Barcelona JF, Cabezas FJ, C\u00e1rdenas D, C\u00e1rdenas-Toro J, Casta\u00f1o N, Chac\u00f3n E, Chatelain C, Ebel AL, Figueiredo E, Fuentes N, Groom QJ, Henderson L, Inderjit, Kupriyanov A, Masciadri S, Meerman J, Morozova O, Moser D, Nickrent DL, Patzelt A, Pelser PB, Baptiste MP, Poopath M, Schulze M, Seebens H, Shu W, Thomas J, Velayos M, Wieringa JJ, Py\u0161ek P (2015) Global exchange and accumulation of non-native plants. Nature 525(7567):100\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature14910","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5951_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vitousek PM, Mooney HA, Lubchenco J, Melillo JM (1997) Human domination of Earth\u2019s ecosystems. Science, 277(5325):494\u2013499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.277.5325.494","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5325.494"},{"issue":"10","key":"5951_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-021-02222-7","volume":"30","author":"RJ Warren","year":"2021","unstructured":"Warren RJ, Noezil S, Mokadam C (2021) Non-native plants rarely provide suitable habitat for native gall-inducing species. Biodivers Conserv 30(10):2797\u20132805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10531-021-02222-7","journal-title":"Biodivers Conserv"},{"key":"5951_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wickham H (2016) Ggplot2. Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4"},{"key":"5951_CR85","unstructured":"Williamson M (1996) Biological invasions. Springer Science & Business Media"},{"key":"5951_CR86","unstructured":"World Bank (2024) Urban development overview. World Bank. https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/urbandevelopment\/overview"},{"issue":"3","key":"5951_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13785","volume":"13","author":"ZA Xirocostas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xirocostas ZA, Debono SA, Slavich E, Moles AT (2022) The ZAX herbivory trainer\u2014Free software for training researchers to visually estimate leaf damage. Methods Ecol Evol 13(3):596\u2013602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/2041-210X.13785","journal-title":"Methods Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5951_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4253","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.4253","volume":"105","author":"J Yi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yi J, Wan J, Tielb\u00f6rger K, Tao Z, Siemann E, Huang W (2024) Specialist reassociation and residence time modulate the evolution of defense in invasive plants: A meta-analysis. Ecology 105(3):e4253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ecy.4253","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"5951_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12692","volume":"21","author":"E Youngsteadt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Youngsteadt E, Dale AG, Terando AJ, Dunn RR, Frank SD (2015) Do cities simulate climate change? A comparison of herbivore response to urban and global warming. Glob Change Biol 21(1):97\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gcb.12692","journal-title":"Glob Change Biol"}],"container-title":["Oecologia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00442-026-05951-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00442-026-05951-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00442-026-05951-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:45:41Z","timestamp":1792086341000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00442-026-05951-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["5951"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00442-026-05951-0","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00285.x","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1093\/ee\/nvy071","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["0029-8549","1432-1939"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0029-8549","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1939","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"None.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"None.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"None.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors consent to submission for publication.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"127"}}