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The effect of lipase concentration on hybrid nanoflower formation was first assessed, revealing that the optimum lipase concentration was 0.2\u00a0mg\/mL. At this concentration, the encapsulation of lipase within the hybrid nanoflowers reached its maximum efficiency. Further, the effects of PEG and GA concentrations, as well as pH, on the enzymatic activity of the nanoflowers were evaluated. The results demonstrated that 2% (v\/v) PEG and 3% (v\/v) GA were the most effective concentrations, with the highest activity observed at pH 8. Comparative studies showed that GA-treated lipase hybrid nanoflowers exhibited a remarkable 160% increase in enzymatic activity over the free lipase, outperforming PEG in terms of catalytic performance. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses confirmed that both PEG and GA treatments altered the morphology and structural characteristics of the hybrid nanoflowers, with GA inducing more pronounced changes. Despite these morphological alterations, the enzymatic activity was significantly enhanced, particularly in the GA-treated hybrid nanoflowers. In conclusion, this study highlights the superior performance of glutaraldehyde as an enhancer for the production of highly active lipase hybrid nanoflowers, offering promising applications in biocatalysis and enzyme immobilization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-025-03181-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T02:27:33Z","timestamp":1749090453000},"page":"1349-1362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effectiveness of polyethylene glycol and glutaraldehyde as enhancers for lipase-immobilized hybrid organic\u2013inorganic nanoflowers"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Jessica Siew Kiong","family":"Ling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sie Yon","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shamini","family":"Anboo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murat","family":"Y\u0131lmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"3181_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3390\/catal8060238","volume":"8","author":"J Chapman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chapman J, Ismail AE, Dinu CZ (2018) Catalysts 8:238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/catal8060238","journal-title":"Catalysts"},{"key":"3181_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-021-00044-z","author":"EL Bell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bell EL, Finnigan W, France SP, Green AP, Hayes MA, Hepworth LJ, Lovelock SL, Niikura H, Osuna S, Romero E, Ryan KS, Turner NJ, Flitsch SL (2021). 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