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The present study assessed the effectiveness of different strategies of sulfur-borne odor mitigation in the primary settler of a pilot-scale WWTP. The most effective technique was the dosing of the precipitating agent FeCl\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    , which showed removal efficiencies (REs) of 88.5\u2009\u00b1\u20097.3% for H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S and 63.3\u2009\u00b1\u20093.5% for methyl mercaptan (CH\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    SH), using an optimal Fe (III): S molar ratio of 2:1 based on the influent characteristics of the primary settler. The addition of oxidants (H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , NaClO) in the primary settler demonstrated a low efficiency in mitigating sulfur-containing gas emissions, potentially due to the occurrence of scavenging reactions. However, chemical oxidation with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) exhibited a strong oxidative capacity, achieving a 98.2\u2009\u00b1\u20091.7% RE of total dissolved sulfides (S\n                    <jats:sup>2\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) at an estimated effective molar ratio of 16:1 (Cl: S). Biological oxidation of odorants induced by nitrate (NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) addition and activated sludge recirculation demonstrated moderate efficiency, attributed to the enhanced growth of denitrifying bacteria, which led to a rapid NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    depletion and subsequent recovery of S\n                    <jats:sup>2\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-026-03335-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T04:53:16Z","timestamp":1779252796000},"page":"1539-1550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A systematic study of mitigation strategies to prevent the emission of malodours from primary settlers in wastewater treatment plants"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Nataliia","family":"Kurnikova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Toledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"3335_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jiang G, Sun J, Sharma KR, Yuan Z (2015) Corrosion and odor management in sewer systems, Curr. 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