{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T23:58:28Z","timestamp":1789430308844,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]],"date-time":"2020-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599609600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]],"date-time":"2020-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004374","name":"Medtronic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Colorado Denver|Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Bioengineering"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Surg Endosc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Reprocessed devices must be thoroughly cleaned prior to sterilization to ensure efficacy of sterilization agents. Many single-use devices are not designed to be thoroughly cleaned. Interlocking design features inherent to LigaSure\u2122 vessel sealing devices may prevent thorough cleaning and promote accumulation of human tissue that cannot be removed. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare industry reprocessed and new LigaSure\u2122 vessel sealing devices for organic material.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 168, 84 new and 84 reprocessed, vessel sealing devices were disassembled and inspected for the presence of residual organic matter using visual, microscopic, and chemical analysis. Devices were randomized and test conductors blinded to group membership. Devices were aseptically disassembled and sent through visual inspection. Next, devices were either examined using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or exposed to a solution that luminesces in the presence of hemoglobin. Additionally, 165 reprocessed devices were sent to a 3rd party lab for sterility testing via direct immersion culture for 14\u00a0days.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Significant amounts of remnant organic material (C, N, O, S, Na, P) were observed with 81\/84 reprocessed and 0\/84 new devices failing inspection protocols. When tested for the presence of hemoglobin, only 1\/12 reprocessed\u00a0devices passed inspection. SEM\u00a0of reprocessed devices revealed residues with liquid patterns and diffuse soiling with foreign material. Sterility testing of reprocessed devices revealed a sterility level\u2009&lt;\u20096<jats:sup>\u20133<\/jats:sup>.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The abundance of material resembling human tissue observed on reprocessed VSDs suggests inadequate cleaning prior to sterilization. Atomic and morphological analyses of the remnant materials suggest that bacterial biofilms could also be present. Additionally, surface degradation and release of reinforcing glass fibers from the device were observed. Devices designed for single use can harbor significant amounts of remnant material that likely interfere with the sterilization process.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-020-07969-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]],"date-time":"2020-09-10T13:32:51Z","timestamp":1599744771000},"page":"4539-4549","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Assessing organic material on single-use vessel sealing devices: a comparative study of reprocessed and new LigaSure\u2122 devices"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Swathi Ramesh","family":"Chivukula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Lammers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2835-4981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"7969_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S177247","volume":"11","author":"M Haque","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haque M, Sartelli M, McKimm J, Bakar MA (2018) Health care-associated infections\u2013an overview. 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This is currently being investigated. Updates will be provided once the investigation into the concerns is complete and all parties have been given an opportunity to respond in full.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 December 2021","order":7,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":8,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":9,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-021-08862-8","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-021-08862-8","order":10,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors generated and had full access to all study data along with final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication. The authors were not paid to write this article by the sponsor or any other agency. The data interpretation presented in this manuscript was performed solely by the authors herein with editorial support provided by Medtronic being performed in accordance with Good Publication Practice (GPP3) guidelines ().","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosures"}}]}}