{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:12:45Z","timestamp":1790197965761,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Surg Endosc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Many surgeons use online videos to learn. However, these videos vary in content, quality, and educational value. In the setting of recent work questioning the safety of robotic-assisted cholecystectomies, we aimed (1) to identify highly watched online videos of robotic-assisted cholecystectomies, (2) to determine whether these videos demonstrate suboptimal techniques, and (3) to compare videos based on platform.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Two authors searched YouTube and a members-only Facebook group to identify highly watched videos of robotic-assisted cholecystectomies. Three members of the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons Safe Cholecystectomy Task Force then reviewed videos in random order. These three members rated each video using Sanford and Strasberg\u2019s six-point criteria for critical view of safety (CVS) scoring and the Parkland grading scale for cholecystitis. We performed regression to determine any association between Parkland grade and CVS score. We also compared scores between the YouTube and Facebook videos using a <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> test.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We identified 50 videos of robotic-assisted cholecystectomies, including 25 from YouTube and 25 from Facebook. Of the 50 videos, six demonstrated a top-down approach. The remaining 44 videos received a mean of 2.4 of 6 points for the CVS score (SD\u2009=\u20091.8). Overall, 4 of the 50 videos (8%) received a passing CVS score of 5 or 6. Videos received a mean of 2.4 of 5 points for the Parkland grade (SD\u2009=\u20090.9). Videos on YouTube had lower CVS scores than videos on Facebook (1.9 vs. 2.8, respectively), though this difference was not significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.09). By regression, there was no association between Parkland grade and CVS score (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.13).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Publicly available and closed-group online videos of robotic-assisted cholecystectomy demonstrated inadequate dissection and may be of limited educational value. Future work should center on introducing measures to identify and feature videos with high-quality techniques most useful to surgeons.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-024-11054-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T21:01:51Z","timestamp":1721077311000},"page":"5023-5029","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Online videos of robotic-assisted cholecystectomies: more harm than good?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7462-3214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riley","family":"Brian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adnan","family":"Alseidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irving","family":"Jorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cris","family":"Malino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Knauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenech","family":"Asbun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanley B.","family":"Deal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Soriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"11054_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2016.04.024","volume":"73","author":"AK Rapp","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rapp AK, Healy MG, Charlton ME, Keith JN, Rosenbaum ME, Kapadia MR (2016) YouTube is the most frequently used educational video source for surgical preparation. J Surg Educ 73(6):1072\u20131076","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"11054_CR2","first-page":"1775","volume":"30","author":"V Curran","year":"2020","unstructured":"Curran V, Simmons K, Matthews L, Fleet L, Gustafson DL, Fairbridge NA et al (2020) YouTube as an educational resource in medical education: a scoping review. MedSciEduc 30(4):1775\u20131782","journal-title":"MedSciEduc"},{"issue":"4","key":"11054_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2013.08.004","volume":"49","author":"SK Bezner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bezner SK, Hodgman EI, Diesen DL, Clayton JT, Minkes RK, Langer JC et al (2014) Pediatric surgery on YouTube\u2122: is the truth out there? J Pediatr Surg 49(4):586\u2013589","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"11054_CR4","unstructured":"Kliff S, Thomas K (2023) How a lucrative surgery took off online and disfigured patients. The New York Times. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2023\/10\/30\/health\/hernia-surgery-component-separation.html. Accessed 30 Oct 2023"},{"key":"11054_CR5","unstructured":"Farr C (2019) Doctors are turning to YouTube to learn how to do surgical procedures, but there\u2019s no quality control. CNBC. https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2019\/11\/24\/doctors-are-watching-surgical-procedures-on-youtube.html. Accessed 24 Nov 2019"},{"key":"11054_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lap.2023.0433","author":"SA Hashemi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hashemi SA, Shakiba B, Golshan A, Esmaeil Soofian S, Maghsoudi R (2024) Assessment of the quality of YouTube educational videos on laparoscopic right adrenalectomy and laparoscopic partial nephrectomy surgeries. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/lap.2023.0433","journal-title":"J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A"},{"issue":"12","key":"11054_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20230736","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.20230736","volume":"69","author":"O Kuru","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kuru O, Erkan IBO, Bicer E (1992) 2023 The concern about the educational quality of online videos on laparoscopic myomectomy. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 69(12):e20230736","journal-title":"Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992)"},{"issue":"4","key":"11054_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1089\/lap.2022.0506","volume":"33","author":"M Tan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tan M, Chan KS, Teng TZJ, Ahmed S, Shelat VG (2023) Evaluation of the educational quality of the top 30 most viewed laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy videos on YouTube. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 33(4):309\u2013319","journal-title":"J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A"},{"issue":"6","key":"11054_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1097\/SLE.0000000000001114","volume":"32","author":"N Goh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Goh N, Chan KS, Teng TZJ, Shelat VG (2022) Assessing the educational value of YouTube videos on major laparoscopic liver resection: a cross-sectional study of the top 20 most viewed laparoscopic right and left hepatectomy videos. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 32(6):747\u2013754","journal-title":"Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech"},{"issue":"2","key":"11054_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2014.1791","volume":"150","author":"MK Richards","year":"2015","unstructured":"Richards MK, McAteer JP, Drake FT, Goldin AB, Khandelwal S, Gow KW (2015) A national review of the frequency of minimally invasive surgery among general surgery residents: assessment of ACGME case logs during 2 decades of general surgery resident training. JAMA Surg 150(2):169\u2013172","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"11054_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2013.09.002","volume":"70","author":"AC McCoy","year":"2013","unstructured":"McCoy AC, Gasevic E, Szlabick RE, Sahmoun AE, Sticca RP (2013) Are open abdominal procedures a thing of the past? An analysis of graduating general surgery residents\u2019 case logs from 2000 to 2011. J Surg Educ 70(6):683\u2013689","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"11054_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1918911","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.18911","volume":"3","author":"KH Sheetz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sheetz KH, Claflin J, Dimick JB (2020) Trends in the adoption of robotic surgery for common surgical procedures. JAMA Netw Open 3(1):e1918911","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"11054_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1002\/rcs.1554","volume":"10","author":"EC Nelson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nelson EC, Gottlieb AH, M\u00fcller H, Smith W, Ali MR, Vidovszky TJ (2014) Robotic cholecystectomy and resident education: the UC Davis experience. Robot Comput Surg 10(2):218\u2013222","journal-title":"Robot Comput Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"11054_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.21037\/hbsn.2017.03.01","volume":"7","author":"JA Zaman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zaman JA, Singh TP (2018) The emerging role for robotics in cholecystectomy: the dawn of a new era? Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 7(1):21\u201328","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr"},{"issue":"30","key":"11054_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16010","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000016010","volume":"98","author":"M Milone","year":"2019","unstructured":"Milone M, Vertaldi S, Bracale U, D\u2019Ambra M, Cassese G, Manigrasso M et al (2019) Robotic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis: three case reports. Medicine (Baltimore) 98(30):e16010","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"3","key":"11054_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lers.2022.06.002","volume":"5","author":"S Chandhok","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chandhok S, Chao P, Koea J, Srinivasa S (2022) Robotic-assisted cholecystectomy: current status and future application. Laparosc, Endosc Robot Surg 5(3):85\u201391","journal-title":"Laparosc, Endosc Robot Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"11054_CR17","first-page":"e43634","volume":"15","author":"SN Pai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pai SN, Jeyaraman M, Jeyaraman N, Nallakumarasamy A, Yadav S (2023) In the hands of a robot, from the operating room to the courtroom: the medicolegal considerations of robotic surgery. Cureus 15(8):e43634","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"2","key":"11054_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2006.03.021","volume":"136","author":"TJ Vidovszky","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vidovszky TJ, Smith W, Ghosh J, Ali MR (2006) Robotic cholecystectomy: learning curve, advantages, and limitations. J Surg Res 136(2):172\u2013178","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"11054_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1097\/SLE.0000000000001195","volume":"33","author":"OY Kudsi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kudsi OY, Kaoukabani G, Friedman A, Bou-Ayash N, Bahadir J, Crawford AS et al (2023) Learning curve of multiport robotic cholecystectomy: a cumulative sum analysis. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 33(4):332\u2013338","journal-title":"Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech"},{"issue":"2","key":"11054_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/rcs.1540","volume":"10","author":"AA Angus","year":"2014","unstructured":"Angus AA, Sahi SL, McIntosh BB (2014) Learning curve and early clinical outcomes for a robotic surgery novice performing robotic single site cholecystectomy. Robot Comput Surg 10(2):203\u2013207","journal-title":"Robot Comput Surg"},{"key":"11054_CR21","first-page":"e234389","volume":"20","author":"S Kalata","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kalata S, Thumma JR, Norton EC, Dimick JB, Sheetz KH (2023) Comparative safety of robotic-assisted vs laparoscopic cholecystectomy. JAMA Surg 20:e234389","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"11054_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2016.11.003","volume":"161","author":"PC Giulianotti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Giulianotti PC (2017) Why I think the robot will be the future for laparoscopic cholecystectomies. Surgery 161(3):637\u2013638","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"11054_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2019.09.015","volume":"77","author":"B Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao B, Hollandsworth HM, Lee AM, Lam J, Lopez NE, Abbadessa B et al (2020) Making the jump: a qualitative analysis on the transition from bedside assistant to console surgeon in robotic surgery training. J Surg Educ 77(2):461\u2013471","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"issue":"5","key":"11054_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-023-01662-3","volume":"17","author":"J Straatman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Straatman J, Pucher PH, Knight BC, Carter NC, Glaysher MA, Mercer SJ et al (2023) Systematic review: robot-assisted versus conventional laparoscopic multiport cholecystectomy. J Robotic Surg 17(5):1967\u20131977","journal-title":"J Robotic Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"11054_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2013.11.003","volume":"218","author":"DE Sanford","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sanford DE, Strasberg SM (2014) A simple effective method for generation of a permanent record of the critical view of safety during laparoscopic cholecystectomy by intraoperative \u201cdoublet\u201d photography. J Am Coll Surg 218(2):170\u2013178","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"11054_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2017.08.016","volume":"225","author":"SB Deal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Deal SB, Alseidi AA (2017) Concerns of quality and safety in public domain surgical education videos: an assessment of the critical view of safety in frequently used laparoscopic cholecystectomy videos. J Am Coll Surg 225(6):725\u2013730","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"11054_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2017.05.017","volume":"215","author":"TD Madni","year":"2018","unstructured":"Madni TD, Leshikar DE, Minshall CT, Nakonezny PA, Cornelius CC, Imran JB et al (2018) The Parkland grading scale for cholecystitis. Am J Surg 215(4):625\u2013630","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"11054_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000002125","volume":"86","author":"TD Madni","year":"2019","unstructured":"Madni TD, Nakonezny PA, Imran JB, Taveras L, Cunningham HB, Vela R et al (2019) A comparison of cholecystitis grading scales. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 86(3):471\u2013478","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"11054_CR29","first-page":"411","volume":"30","author":"K Krippendorff","year":"2004","unstructured":"Krippendorff K (2004) Reliability in content analysis: some common misconceptions and recommendations. Hum Commun Res 30(3):411\u2013433","journal-title":"Hum Commun Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"11054_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-017-5853-x","volume":"32","author":"HA Rodriguez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rodriguez HA, Young MT, Jackson HT, Oelschlager BK, Wright AS (2018) Viewer discretion advised: is YouTube a friend or foe in surgical education? Surg Endosc 32(4):1724\u20131728","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"issue":"6","key":"11054_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hpb.2024.02.018","volume":"26","author":"N Hwang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hwang N, Chao PP, Kirkpatrick J, Srinivasa K, Koea JB, Srinivasa S (2024) Educational quality of robotic whipple videos on YouTube. HPB (Oxford) 26(6):826\u2013832. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hpb.2024.02.018","journal-title":"HPB (Oxford)"},{"issue":"12","key":"11054_CR32","first-page":"1220","volume":"34","author":"A Bal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bal A, \u00c7olako\u011flu MK, \u00d6ter V, Pi\u015fkin E, Bostanc\u0131 EB (2023) Are YouTube videos sufficient for educational purposes for robotic right hemicolectomy learning and has complete mesocolic excision changed that? Turk J Gastroenterol 34(12):1220\u20131226","journal-title":"Turk J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"11054_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-023-01605-y","volume":"17","author":"K Larkins","year":"2023","unstructured":"Larkins K, Khan M, Mohan H, Warrier S, Heriot A (2023) A systematic review of video-based educational interventions in robotic surgical training. J Robot Surg 17(4):1329\u20131339","journal-title":"J Robot Surg"},{"key":"11054_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kress G (2009) Multimodality, 0 edn. Routledge, Abingdon. https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781134360475","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203970034"},{"key":"11054_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315638027","volume-title":"Introducing multimodality","author":"C Jewitt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jewitt C, Bezemer JJ, O\u2019Halloran KL (2016) Introducing multimodality. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, London"},{"issue":"8","key":"11054_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2021.0740","volume":"36","author":"JA van der Leun","year":"2022","unstructured":"van der Leun JA, Siem G, Meijer RP, Brinkman WM (2022) Improving Robotic skills by video review. J Endourol 36(8):1126\u20131135","journal-title":"J Endourol"},{"key":"11054_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2018.09.015","volume":"235","author":"JL Green","year":"2019","unstructured":"Green JL, Suresh V, Bittar P, Ledbetter L, Mithani SK, Allori A (2019) The utilization of video technology in surgical education: a systematic review. J Surg Res 235:171\u2013180","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"11054_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-022-01513-7","volume":"17","author":"K Larkins","year":"2023","unstructured":"Larkins K, Mansour K, Costello D, Gray M, Warrier S, Heriot A et al (2023) Recommendations for the design of video-based educational interventions as instructional tools in robotic surgical training. J Robot Surg 17(3):779\u2013784","journal-title":"J Robot Surg"},{"key":"11054_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2021.04.005","volume":"156","author":"T Crisostomo-Wynne","year":"2021","unstructured":"Crisostomo-Wynne T, Hertz A, Banti M, Brand T, Caras R (2021) Comparison of robotic surgery video quality between YouTube and curated sources using GEARS criteria. Urology 156:44\u201346","journal-title":"Urology"}],"container-title":["Surgical Endoscopy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00464-024-11054-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00464-024-11054-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00464-024-11054-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T19:08:09Z","timestamp":1724958489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00464-024-11054-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["11054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-024-11054-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0930-2794","1432-2218"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0930-2794","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2218","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Riley Brian participates in the Intuitive-UCSF Simulation-Based Surgical Education Research Fellowship. Camilla Gomes participates in a research fellowship through Johnson & Johnson and has received a Robotic Surgery Research Grant unrelated to this project through SAGES\/Intuitive Surgical. Irving Jorge has received educational grants from Boston Scientific. Domenach Asbun has received honoraria and meeting support from Intuitive Surgical. Ian Soriano has received honoraria from Intuitive Surgical, Surgimatrix, and Moon Surgical. Adnan Alseidi, Cris Malino, Eric Knauer, and Shanley Deal have no relevant disclosures.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosures"}}]}}