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This study aimed to prospectively assess the effect of a structured VRST curriculum on laparoscopic performance in a porcine cholecystectomy model in novice surgeons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this single-blinded prospective study, novice surgical trainees (&lt;\u20093\u00a0years of clinical experience) attending a basic laparoscopic course were allocated to either a structured, proficiency-based VRST curriculum or standard deliberate practice on the same simulator. Laparoscopic performance was assessed during a porcine laparoscopic cholecystectomy (Lap-C) by blinded raters using the Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills (GOALS) and a numerical rating scale (NRS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Seventy-one participants were analyzed (19 intervention, 52 control). Trainees completing the structured VRST achieved significantly higher total GOALS scores compared with controls (median 17.6 vs. 14.0;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.013). All GOALS subdomains -including depth perception, bimanual dexterity, efficiency, tissue handling, and autonomy\u2014were significantly improved in the intervention group. Subjective performance ratings were also higher following structured VRST (median NRS 6.7 vs. 4.8;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.036). Inter-rater reliability for the GOALS score was good (ICC\u2009=\u20090.80).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participation in a structured VR simulation curriculum improved laparoscopic performance during a standardized porcine cholecystectomy model post-test compared with deliberate practice. Integration of structured VRST curricula into surgical training programs may enhance early technical skill acquisition and procedural proficiency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-026-12755-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T16:13:29Z","timestamp":1775060009000},"page":"4839-4845","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of a structured virtual reality simulation curriculum on laparoscopic performance in a porcine cholecystectomy model: a prospective comparative study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5908-5454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moritz B.","family":"Sparn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7203-7822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Chatziisaak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4552-7386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Schmied","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4344-3093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Brunner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Vitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3179-1448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lennard","family":"Str\u00f6se","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5595-4114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dieter","family":"Hahnloser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8434-679X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan","family":"Bischofberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"12755_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000151982.85062.80","volume":"241","author":"AG Gallagher","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gallagher AG, Ritter EM, Champion H, Higgins G, Fried MP, Moses G (2005) Virtual reality simulation for the operating room. 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Sparn, Dimitrios Chatziisaak, Bruno Schmied, Martina Vitz, Lennard Str\u00f6se, Walter Brunner, Dieter Hahnloser and Stephan Bischofberger have no conflicts of interest to disclose.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Disclosures","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}