{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T21:30:48Z","timestamp":1786397448248,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013342","name":"NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Infrastructure support"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Infrastructure support"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013342","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Surg Endosc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is technically demanding and associated with a steep learning curve and increased complication risk. Constraints of conventional endoscopes, together with the observed benefits of robotic assistance in selected surgical procedures, have driven development of robotic systems for advanced endoscopic applications. This review maps the landscape of robotic endoscopic systems in the context of ESD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A PRISMA-ScR-compliant scoping review was conducted. Six databases were searched in 2025. Studies evaluating robotic endoscopic platforms for ESD in preclinical or clinical settings were included. Two reviewers independently screened studies. Data were extracted on study characteristics, platform features, experimental design, and outcomes. Findings were synthesised descriptively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty-seven studies were published between 2010 and 2025, with most from 2019 onwards (22; 82%), and mainly from East Asia (23; 85%). Most studies were preclinical (21; 78%), corresponding to mid-level technological readiness (TRL 4\u20137). Six studies (22%) reported early clinical evaluation (TRL 8), including one multicentre randomised trial. The most frequently studied site was the stomach (18; 67%). Over half of the studies were comparative (15; 56%), including 14 comparing robotic-assisted ESD (R-ESD) with conventional ESD (C-ESD). In preclinical comparisons (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200913), R-ESD was associated with shorter submucosal dissection times and higher dissection speeds.\n                      <jats:italic>En bloc<\/jats:italic>\n                      resection rates were high overall, with lower rates observed mainly in novice-performed C-ESD. Perforation was uncommon overall, with higher rates concentrated in novice-performed C-ESD. Early clinical studies (IDEAL 1\u20133) demonstrated high\n                      <jats:italic>en bloc<\/jats:italic>\n                      resection rates with acceptable safety.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preclinical comparative evidence suggests improved procedural efficiency with robotic assistance, particularly in novice-operated settings. Early clinical evidence indicates feasibility and acceptable safety. However, findings should be interpreted as exploratory signals rather than established clinical superiority. Further technological refinement and robust clinical evaluation are required before wider adoption.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-026-12980-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T06:19:47Z","timestamp":1782973187000},"page":"6409-6421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Robotic-assisted endoscopic submucosal dissection: a scoping review of preclinical and early clinical evidence"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0291-7117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Said","family":"Alyacoubi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunal","family":"Rajput","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Runciman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ara","family":"Darzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Mylonas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"12980_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.4081\/gi.2012.e10","volume":"4","author":"C Robles-Medranda","year":"2012","unstructured":"Robles-Medranda C (2012) Endoscopic submucosal dissection. Gastroenterol Insights 4:32\u201338","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Insights"},{"key":"12980_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0291916","author":"N Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang N, Shu L, Liu S, Yang L, Bai T, Shi Z, Liu X (2023) Comparing endoscopic mucosal resection with endoscopic submucosal dissection in colorectal adenoma and tumors: Meta-analysis and system review. PLoS ONE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0291916","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"12980_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263177452095722","DOI":"10.1177\/2631774520957220","volume":"13","author":"C Harlow","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harlow C, Sivananthan A, Ayaru L, Patel K, Darzi A, Patel N (2020) Endoscopic submucosal dissection: an update on tools and accessories. Ther Adv Gastrointest Endosc 13:2631774520957220","journal-title":"Ther Adv Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"12980_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2012.45.4.362","volume":"45","author":"T Toyonaga","year":"2012","unstructured":"Toyonaga T, Nishino E, Man-i M, East JE, Azuma T (2012) Principles of quality controlled endoscopic submucosal dissection with appropriate dissection level and high quality resected specimen. Clin Endosc 45:362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5946\/ce.2012.45.4.362","journal-title":"Clin Endosc"},{"key":"12980_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.4253\/wjge.v4.i10.438","volume":"4","author":"M Asano","year":"2012","unstructured":"Asano M (2012) Endoscopic submucosal dissection and surgical treatment for gastrointestinal cancer. World J Gastrointest Endosc 4:438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4253\/wjge.v4.i10.438","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"12980_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.4253\/wjge.v7.i14.1114","volume":"7","author":"K Yamamoto","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yamamoto K, Michida T, Nishida T, Hayashi S, Naito M, Ito T (2015) Colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection: recent technical advances for safe and successful procedures. World J Gastrointest Endosc 7:1114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4253\/wjge.v7.i14.1114","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"12980_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1080\/14737140.2025.2504472","volume":"25","author":"G Calabrese","year":"2025","unstructured":"Calabrese G, Maida M, Parekh D, Minato Y, Vitello A, Murino A, Morais R, Sinagra E, Ramai D, Ohata K, Sferrazza S (2025) Exploring different techniques for endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastrointestinal lesions: a review of the literature. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 25:755\u2013769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14737140.2025.2504472","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anticancer Ther"},{"key":"12980_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Niu C, Zhang J, Vallabhajosyula S, E-Xin B, Napel M, Okolo PI (2024) The impact of traction methods on endoscopic submucosal dissection efficacy for gastric neoplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastrointest Cancer 55:129\u2013142 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12029-023-00982-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s12029-023-00982-9"},{"key":"12980_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2013.04.192","volume":"78","author":"N Fukami","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fukami N (2013) What we want for ESD is a second hand! traction method. Gastrointest Endosc 78:274\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gie.2013.04.192","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"12980_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4462","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-021-08799-y","volume":"36","author":"Y Mitsuyoshi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mitsuyoshi Y, Ide D, Ohya TR, Ishihoka M, Yasue C, Chino A, Igarashi M, Nakashima A, Saito S, Fujisaki J, Saruta M (2022) Training program using a traction device improves trainees\u2019 learning curve of colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection. Surg Endosc 36:4462\u20134469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-021-08799-y","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"12980_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.4253\/wjge.v6.i7.286","volume":"6","author":"H Imaeda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Imaeda H (2014) Advanced endoscopic submucosal dissection with traction. World J Gastrointest Endosc 6:286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4253\/wjge.v6.i7.286","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"12980_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i1.1","volume":"28","author":"M Nagata","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nagata M (2022) Advances in traction methods for endoscopic submucosal dissection: what is the best traction method and traction direction? World J Gastroenterol 28:1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v28.i1.1","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"12980_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14060595","volume":"14","author":"N Tada","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tada N, Sumiyama K (2024) Robotic platforms for therapeutic flexible endoscopy: a literature review. Diagnostics Basel 14:595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14060595","journal-title":"Diagnostics Basel"},{"key":"12980_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-024-01663-6","volume":"43","author":"Z Nabi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nabi Z, Manchu C, Reddy DN (2024) Robotics in interventional endoscopy\u2014evolution and the way forward. Indian J Gastroenterol 43:966\u2013975. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12664-024-01663-6","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"12980_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Visconti TA de C, Otoch JP, Artifon EL de A (2020) Robotic endoscopy A review of the literature. Acta Cir Bras 35 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s0102-865020200020000006","DOI":"10.1590\/s0102-865020200020000006"},{"key":"12980_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vgie.2019.04.014","volume":"4","author":"DTH de Moura","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Moura DTH, Aihara H, Thompson CC (2019) Robotic-assisted surgical endoscopy: a new era for endoluminal therapies. VideoGIE 4:399\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vgie.2019.04.014","journal-title":"VideoGIE"},{"key":"12980_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scrs.2024.101006","volume":"35","author":"B Seeliger","year":"2024","unstructured":"Seeliger B, Marescaux J (2024) Endoluminal and next generation robotics in colorectal surgery. Semin Colon Rectal Surg 35:101006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scrs.2024.101006","journal-title":"Semin Colon Rectal Surg"},{"key":"12980_CR18","unstructured":"UK Research and Innovation (2025) Eligibility of technology readiness levels (TRL)\u2013UKRI. https:\/\/www.ukri.org\/councils\/stfc\/guidance-for-applicants\/check-if-youre-eligible-for-funding\/eligibility-of-technology-readiness-levels-trl\/. Accessed 6 Dec 2025"},{"key":"12980_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61116-8","volume":"374","author":"P McCulloch","year":"2009","unstructured":"McCulloch P, Altman DG, Campbell WB, Flum DR, Glasziou P, Marshall JC, Nicholl J (2009) No surgical innovation without evaluation: the IDEAL recommendations. Lancet 374:1105\u20131112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61116-8","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"12980_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5510","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-022-09194-x","volume":"36","author":"X-X Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang X-X, Fu S-C, Ji R, Li L-X, Li Y-Q, Zuo X-L (2022) A novel flexible auxiliary single-arm transluminal endoscopic robot facilitates endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric lesions (with video). Surg Endosc 36:5510\u20135517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-022-09194-x","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"12980_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2019.11.014","volume":"91","author":"M Hwang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hwang M, Lee SW, Park KC, Sul HJ, Kwon D-S (2020) Evaluation of a robotic arm-assisted endoscope to facilitate endoscopic submucosal dissection (with video). Gastrointest Endosc 91:699\u2013706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gie.2019.11.014","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"12980_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3386","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-018-6188-y","volume":"32","author":"T Iwasa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Iwasa T, Nakadate R, Onogi S, Okamoto Y, Arata J, Oguri S, Ogino H, Ihara E, Ohuchida K, Akahoshi T, Ikeda T, Ogawa Y, Hashizume M (2018) A new robotic-assisted flexible endoscope with single-hand control: endoscopic submucosal dissection in the ex vivo porcine stomach. Surg Endosc 32:3386\u20133392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-018-6188-y","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"12980_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.12.046","volume":"156","author":"P Mascagni","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mascagni P, Lim SG, Fiorillo C, Zanne P, Nageotte F, Zorn L, Perretta S, de Mathelin M, Marescaux J, Dallemagne B (2019) Democratizing endoscopic submucosal dissection: single-operator fully robotic colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection in a pig model. Gastroenterology 156:1569-1571.e2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.12.046","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"12980_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/den.14438","volume":"35","author":"X Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang X, Fu S, Li L, Yang J, Ji R, Li Y, Zuo X (2023) Robot-assisted endoscopic submucosal dissection contributes to efficient and safe learning for novices: prospective pilot cross-over ex vivo study (with video). Dig Endosc 35:342\u2013351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/den.14438","journal-title":"Dig Endosc"},{"key":"12980_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2019.03.016","volume":"90","author":"THD de Moura","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Moura THD, Aihara H, Jirapinyo P, Farias G, Hathorn KE, Bazarbashi A, Sachdev A, Thompson CC (2019) Robot-assisted endoscopic submucosal dissection versus conventional ESD for colorectal lesions: outcomes of a randomized pilot study in endoscopists without prior ESD experience (with video). Gastrointest Endosc 90:290\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gie.2019.03.016","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"12980_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2010.04.009","volume":"72","author":"K-Y Ho","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ho K-Y, Phee SJ, Shabbir A, Low SC, Huynh VA, Kencana AP, Yang K, Lomanto D, So BYJ, Wong YYJ, Chung SCS (2010) Endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric lesions by using a master and slave transluminal endoscopic robot (MASTER). Gastrointest Endosc 72:593\u2013599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gie.2010.04.009","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"12980_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5836","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-021-08510-1","volume":"35","author":"SH Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim SH, Kim BG, Choi HS, Hong D, Jang SH, Hong K, Choi JW, Kim SH, Lee JM, Kim ES, Keum B, Jeen YT, Lee HS, Chun HJ (2021) Endoscopic submucosal dissection using a detachable assistant robot: a comparative in vivo feasibility study (with video). Surg Endosc 35:5836\u20135841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-021-08510-1","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"12980_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl18370","volume":"13","author":"BG Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim BG, Choi HS, Park SH, Hong JH, Lee JM, Kim SH, Chun HJ, Hong D, Keum B (2019) A pilot study of endoscopic submucosal dissection using an endoscopic assistive robot in a porcine stomach model. Gut Liver 13:402\u2013408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5009\/gnl18370","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"12980_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2022.01.004","volume":"96","author":"R Ji","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ji R, Yang J-L, Yang X-X, Fu S-C, Li L-X, Li Y-Q, Zuo X-L (2022) Simplified robot-assisted endoscopic submucosal dissection for esophageal and gastric lesions: a randomized controlled porcine study (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 96:140\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gie.2022.01.004","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"12980_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-63647-y","volume":"14","author":"J Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim J, Lee D-H, Kwon D-S, Park KC, Sul HJ, Hwang M, Lee S-W (2024) Efficacy of robot arm-assisted endoscopic submucosal dissection in live porcine stomach (with video). Sci Rep 14:17367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-63647-y","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"12980_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2023.10.024","volume":"99","author":"X Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang X, Gao H, Fu S, Ji R, Hou C, Liu H, Luan N, Ren H, Sun L, Yang J, Zhou Z, Yang X, Sun L, Li Y, Zuo X (2024) Novel miniature transendoscopic telerobotic system for endoscopic submucosal dissection (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 99:155-165.e4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gie.2023.10.024","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"12980_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl230280","volume":"18","author":"SH Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim SH, Kim C, Keum B, Im J, Won S, Kim BG, Kim K, Kwon T, Hong D, Jeon HJ, Choi HS, Kim ES, Jeen YT, Chun HJ, Hwang JH (2024) A novel retractable robotic device for colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection. Gut Liver 18:677\u2013685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5009\/gnl230280","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"12980_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7831","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-025-12182-6","volume":"39","author":"SH Kim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim SH, Seo YC, Keum B, Jeon HJ, Lee JM, Choi HS, Kim ES, Jeen YT, Lee HS, Hwang JH, Chun HJ (2025) Dual-function robotic gripper for traction and closure in gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection: an in vivo porcine model study (with video). Surg Endosc 39:7831\u20137840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-025-12182-6","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"12980_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"L\u00e9gner A, Diana M, Halvax P, Liu Y, Zorn L, Zanne P, Nageotte F, De Mathelin M, Dallemagne B, Marescaux J (2017) Endoluminal surgical triangulation 2.0: A new flexible surgical robot. Preliminary pre\u2010clinical results with colonic submucosal dissection.  Int J  Med Robot Comp Assist Surg 13:. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rcs.1819","DOI":"10.1002\/rcs.1819"},{"key":"12980_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2020.09.042","volume":"93","author":"PWY Chiu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chiu PWY, Ho KY, Phee SJ (2021) Colonic endoscopic submucosal dissection using a novel robotic system (with video). Gastrointest Endosc 93:1172\u20131177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gie.2020.09.042","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"12980_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nakadate R, Iwasa T, Onogi S, Arata J, Oguri S, Okamoto Y, Akahoshi T, Eto M, Hashizume M (2020) Surgical robot for intraluminal access: an ex vivo feasibility study. Cyborg and Bionic Systems https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/2020\/8378025","DOI":"10.34133\/2020\/8378025"},{"key":"12980_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1309404","volume":"44","author":"Z Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang Z, Phee S, Lomanto D, Goel R, Rebala P, Sun Z, Trasti S, Reddy N, Wong J, Ho K (2012) Endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric lesions by using a master and slave transluminal endoscopic robot: an animal survival study. Endoscopy 44:690\u2013694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0032-1309404","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"12980_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-023-01793-7","volume":"18","author":"T Liang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liang T, Zhang C, Wang Y, Kong K, Chen X, Wei B, Wang S, Zuo S (2024) A novel miniature flexible robotic system for endoscopic mucosal dissection: an animal experimental study. J Robot Surg 18:17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11701-023-01793-7","journal-title":"J Robot Surg"},{"key":"12980_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6909547","volume":"2019","author":"K Kume","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kume K, Sakai N, Ueda T (2019) Development of a novel gastrointestinal endoscopic robot enabling complete remote control of all operations: endoscopic therapeutic robot system (ETRS). Gastroenterol Res Pract 2019:1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/6909547","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res Pract"},{"key":"12980_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1177\/02783649231209338","volume":"43","author":"H Gao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gao H, Yang X, Xiao X, Zhu X, Zhang T, Hou C, Liu H, Meng MQ-H, Sun L, Zuo X, Li Y, Ren H (2024) Transendoscopic flexible parallel continuum robotic mechanism for bimanual endoscopic submucosal dissection. Int J Rob Res 43:281\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02783649231209338","journal-title":"Int J Rob Res"},{"key":"12980_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.05.019","volume":"10","author":"SJ Phee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Phee SJ, Reddy N, Chiu PWY, Rebala P, Rao GV, Wang Z, Sun Z, Wong JYY, Ho K (2012) Robot-assisted endoscopic submucosal dissection is effective in treating patients with early-stage gastric neoplasia. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 10:1117\u20131121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.05.019","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"12980_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-022-02577-1","volume":"26","author":"M Morino","year":"2022","unstructured":"Morino M, Forcignan\u00f2 E, Arezzo A (2022) Initial clinical experience with a novel flexible endoscopic robot for transanal surgery. Tech Coloproctol 26:301\u2013308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10151-022-02577-1","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"key":"12980_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2411-0892","volume":"57","author":"PWY Chiu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chiu PWY, Yip HC, Chu S, Chan SM, Lau HSL, Tang RSY, Phee SJ, Ho KY, Ng SSM (2025) Prospective single-arm trial on feasibility and safety of an endoscopic robotic system for colonic endoscopic submucosal dissection. Endoscopy 57:240\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2411-0892","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"12980_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vgie.2024.12.004","volume":"10","author":"SH Kim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim SH, Choi HS, Jeon HJ, Kim ES, Keum B, Jeen YT, Ahn S, Hwang JH, Chun HJ (2025) Novel robotic gripper for traction and closure in colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection. VideoGIE 10:183\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vgie.2024.12.004","journal-title":"VideoGIE"},{"key":"12980_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-025-02686-7","volume":"19","author":"K Fan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fan K, Lv ML, Tian H, Shen L, Ke A, Chen L, Zhang H, Jing Y, Yang J (2025) A novel robotic system based on heterogeneous master\u2013slave control algorithm: design and its clinical application in endoscopic submucosal dissection. J Robot Surg 19:619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11701-025-02686-7","journal-title":"J Robot Surg"},{"key":"12980_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.012","author":"HJ Jeon","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jeon HJ, Keum B, Lee B, Kim S, Choi HS, Lee JM, Kim ES, Jeen YT, Lee HS, Chun HJ (2025) A novel robotic arm\u2013assisted endoscopic submucosal dissection platform with augmented traction for gastric neoplasms: a first-in-human prospective pilot study (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.012","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"12980_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ono H, Yao K, Fujishiro M, Oda I, Uedo N, Nimura S, Yahagi N, Iishi H, Oka M, Ajioka Y, Fujimoto K (2021) Guidelines for endoscopic submucosal dissection and endoscopic mucosal resection for early gastric cancer (second edition). Digest Endosc 33:4\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/den.13883","DOI":"10.1111\/den.13883"},{"key":"12980_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.3390\/life13112177","volume":"13","author":"M Brand","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brand M, Fuchs K-H, Troya J, Hann A, Meining A (2023) The role of specialized instruments for advanced endoscopic resections in gastrointestinal disease. Life 13:2177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life13112177","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"12980_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E905","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2337-3865","volume":"12","author":"MA Khalaf","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khalaf MA, Ayoub F, Staggers KA, El-Haj JW, Jawaid S, Othman MO (2024) Learning curve for endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in the United States: large, untutored, single-operator experience. Endosc Int Open 12:E905\u2013E913. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2337-3865","journal-title":"Endosc Int Open"},{"key":"12980_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-009-0724-8","volume":"24","author":"AYB Teoh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Teoh AYB, Chiu PWY, Wong SKH, Sung JJY, Lau JYW, Ng EKW (2010) Difficulties and outcomes in starting endoscopic submucosal dissection. Surg Endosc 24:1049\u20131054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-009-0724-8","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"12980_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-018-6079-2","volume":"32","author":"BS Peters","year":"2018","unstructured":"Peters BS, Armijo PR, Krause C, Choudhury SA, Oleynikov D (2018) Review of emerging surgical robotic technology. Surg Endosc 32:1636\u20131655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-018-6079-2","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"12980_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i72","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aex383","volume":"119","author":"H Ashrafian","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ashrafian H, Clancy O, Grover V, Darzi A (2017) The evolution of robotic surgery: surgical and anaesthetic aspects. Br J Anaesth 119:i72\u2013i84. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bja\/aex383","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"12980_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/den.13270","volume":"31","author":"I Bo\u0161koski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bo\u0161koski I, Costamagna G (2019) Endoscopy robotics: current and future applications. Dig Endosc 31:119\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/den.13270","journal-title":"Dig Endosc"},{"key":"12980_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/den.12960","volume":"30","author":"MX Ma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ma MX, Bourke MJ (2018) Endoscopic submucosal dissection in the West: current status and future directions. Dig Endosc 30:310\u2013320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/den.12960","journal-title":"Dig Endosc"},{"key":"12980_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.01.068","volume":"154","author":"MJ Bourke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bourke MJ, Neuhaus H, Bergman JJ (2018) Endoscopic submucosal dissection: indications and application in Western endoscopy practice. Gastroenterology 154:1887-1900.e5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.01.068","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"12980_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2017.03.1548","volume":"86","author":"Y Saito","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saito Y, Bhatt A, Matsuda T (2017) Colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection and its journey to the West. Gastrointest Endosc 86:90\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gie.2017.03.1548","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"12980_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i23.2518","volume":"24","author":"DC Daoud","year":"2018","unstructured":"Daoud DC, Suter N, Durand M, Bouin M, Faulques B, von Renteln D (2018) Comparing outcomes for endoscopic submucosal dissection between Eastern and Western countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 24:2518\u20132536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v24.i23.2518","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"12980_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.4240\/wjgs.v13.i10.1180","volume":"13","author":"L De Luca","year":"2021","unstructured":"De Luca L, Di Berardino M, Mangiavillano B, Repici A (2021) Gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection in Western countries: indications, applications, efficacy and training perspective. World J Gastrointest Surg 13:1180\u20131189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4240\/wjgs.v13.i10.1180","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Surg"},{"key":"12980_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2012.45.4.350","volume":"45","author":"A Parra-Blanco","year":"2012","unstructured":"Parra-Blanco A, Gonzalez N, Arnau MR (2012) Ex vivo and in vivo models for endoscopic submucosal dissection training. Clin Endosc 45:350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5946\/ce.2012.45.4.350","journal-title":"Clin Endosc"},{"key":"12980_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-010-0982-5","volume":"24","author":"SSF Hon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hon SSF, Ng SSM, Lee JFY, Li JCM, Lo AWI (2010) In vitro porcine training model for colonic endoscopic submucosal dissection: an inexpensive and safe way to acquire a complex endoscopic technique. Surg Endosc 24:2439\u20132443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-010-0982-5","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"}],"container-title":["Surgical Endoscopy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00464-026-12980-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00464-026-12980-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00464-026-12980-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T21:11:44Z","timestamp":1786396304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00464-026-12980-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["12980"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-026-12980-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0930-2794","1432-2218"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0930-2794","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2218","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Said Alyacoubi, Kunal Rajput, Mark Runciman, Ara Darzi, Christopher J Peters, and George Mylonas have no conflicts of interest to\u00a0disclose.\u00a0Infrastructure support was provided by the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC).\u00a0The authors report no other financial relationships with any organisations that might have an interest in the\u00a0submitted\u00a0work in the previous three years and no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the\u00a0submitted\u00a0work.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Disclosures","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}