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Aim of this experimental study was to examine whether conventional and robotic laparoscopy require different neuropsychological skills and to evaluate the role of individual experience and expertise.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A single center, randomized crossover training trial was conducted at a university hospital surgical training center. Participants were 86 postgraduates (residents and experts) from general surgery, urology and gynecology who were enrolled in surgical training courses, and 237 fifth-year medical students participated within their gynecology curriculum. Participants underwent neuropsychological testing, followed by surgical training in both conventional and robot-assisted laparoscopy, performing identical tasks six times in a randomized crossover setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For conventional laparoscopy, 57 participants were \u201cslow learners,\u201d while 212 were \u201cfast learners\u201d. For robotic laparoscopy, 193 participants were \u201cslow learners\u201d and 76 \u201cfast learners\u201d. Among students, conventional training success was significantly associated with neuropsychological factors such as personality, motivation, psychomotor skills, while robotic training was predominantly associated with personality factors. Among physicians, both personality and psychomotor skills were critical for learning surgical skills in both techniques.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Surgical training outcomes differ significantly between conventional and robotic laparoscopy. Conventional laparoscopy supports faster learning, with a good start performance strongly influencing training success, whereas good robotic start performance correlated with slower learning. Different individual factors influenced effective training of surgical skills according to the surgical method and prior experience and skills level, suggesting tailored training curricula.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study is registered in The UK\u00b4s Clinical Study Registry (ISRCTN79269632).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-026-13353-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T14:10:14Z","timestamp":1790604614000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The need for adaptive laparoscopic training, depending on conventional and robotic procedures. 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Zino Ruchay, Julian Pape, Julia-Sophie Weigmann, Carolina Kerres, Karina Jansone, Johannes Ackermann, Veronika Guenther, Liselotte Mettler, Ibrahim Alkatout and Frauke Nees have no conflicts of interest or financial ties to disclose.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Disclosures","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the ethical review committee of the University Hospital of Kiel (D 448\/21).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the volunteers for publication of this report and accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal on request.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}