{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T23:49:19Z","timestamp":1785887359809,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]],"date-time":"2019-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557878400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]],"date-time":"2019-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Nephrol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-019-04251-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]],"date-time":"2019-05-15T01:09:19Z","timestamp":1557882559000},"page":"1591-1597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Randomized controlled trial on immunomodulatory effects of azithromycin in children with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5517-3529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Happy","family":"Sawires","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanan","family":"Abdelaziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heba Mostafa","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osama","family":"Botrous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Agban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"4251_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V85769","volume":"8","author":"P Tarshish","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tarshish P, Tobin JN, Bernstein J, Edelmann CM Jr (1997) Prognostic significance of the early course of minimal change nephrotic syndrome: report of the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children. J Am Soc Nephrol 8:769\u2013776","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"4251_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfi274","volume":"21","author":"MD Sinha","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sinha MD, MacLeod R, Rigby E, Clark AG (2006) Treatment of severe steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome (SDNS) in children with tacrolimus. Nephrol Dial Transplant 21:1848\u20131854","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"4251_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-011-2006-7","volume":"27","author":"V Baudouin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baudouin V, Alberti C, Lapeyraque AL, Bensman A, Andre JL, Broux F, Cailliez M, Decramer S, Niaudet P, Deschenes G, Jacqz-Aigrain E, Loirat C (2012) Mycophenolate mofetil for steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome: a phase II Bayesian trial. Pediatr Nephrol 27:389\u2013396","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"4251_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.2174\/1874467210801010068","volume":"1","author":"SC Tauber","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tauber SC, Nau R (2008) Immunomodulatory properties of antibiotics. Curr Mol Pharmacol 1:68\u201379","journal-title":"Curr Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"4251_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-011-1161-x","volume":"68","author":"P Zarogoulidis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zarogoulidis P, Papanas N, Kioumis I, Chatzaki E, Maltezos E, Zarogoulidis K (2012) Macrolides: from in vitro anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties to clinical practice in respiratory diseases. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 68:479\u2013503","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"4251_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-004-1573-2","volume":"19","author":"D Raveh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Raveh D, Shemesh O, Ashkenazi YJ, Winkler R, Barak V (2004) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha blocking agent as a treatment for nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 19:1281\u20131284","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"4251_CR7","first-page":"30","volume":"19","author":"A Weissbach","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weissbach A, Garty BZ, Lagovsky I, Krause I, Davidovits M (2017) Serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in children with nephrotic syndrome: a pilot study. Isr Med Assoc J 19:30\u201333","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"key":"4251_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1994.tb02022.x","volume":"24","author":"C Bustos","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bustos C, Gonzalez E, Muley R, Alonso JL, Egido J (1994) Increase of tumour necrosis factor alpha synthesis and gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Eur J Clin Investig 24:799\u2013805","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Investig"},{"key":"4251_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-013-2192-3","volume":"173","author":"B Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang B, Liu T, Wang W, Zhang X, Fan S, Liu Z, Liu Z, Wu X (2014) A prospective randomly controlled clinical trial on azithromycin therapy for induction treatment of children with nephrotic syndrome. Eur J Pediatr 173:509\u2013515","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"4251_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14184-0","volume":"362","author":"AA Eddy","year":"2003","unstructured":"Eddy AA, Symons JM (2003) Nephrotic syndrome in childhood. Lancet 362:629\u2013639","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4251_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2013.06.002","volume":"62","author":"L Beck","year":"2013","unstructured":"Beck L, Bomback AS, Choi MJ, Holzman LB, Langford C, Mariani LH, Somers MJ, Trachtman H, Waldman M (2013) KDOQI US commentary on the 2012 KDIGO clinical practice guideline for glomerulonephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 62:403\u2013441","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"4251_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfx099","volume":"11","author":"H Hara","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hara H, Hirano D (2018) Azithromycin suppressed relapses of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in a child. Clin Kidney J 11:54\u201355","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"4251_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.5.1805-1812.2006","volume":"50","author":"V Asgrimsson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Asgrimsson V, Gudjonsson T, Gudmundsson GH, Baldursson O (2006) Novel effects of azithromycin on tight junction proteins in human airway epithelia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50:1805\u20131812","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"4251_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2014.03.003","volume":"143","author":"MJ Parnham","year":"2014","unstructured":"Parnham MJ, Erakovic Haber V, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Perletti G, Verleden GM, Vos R (2014) Azithromycin: mechanisms of action and their relevance for clinical applications. Pharmacol Ther 143:225\u2013245","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"Suppl 9A","key":"4251_CR15","first-page":"5S","volume":"117","author":"J Tamaoki","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tamaoki J, Kadota J, Takizawa H (2004) Clinical implications of the immunomodulatory effects of macrolides. Am J Med 117(Suppl 9A):5S\u201311S","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"4251_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.5.667","volume":"5","author":"K Yamauchi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yamauchi K, Shibata Y, Kimura T, Abe S, Inoue S, Osaka D, Sato M, Igarashi A, Kubota I (2009) Azithromycin suppresses interleukin-12p40 expression in lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma stimulated macrophages. Int J Biol Sci 5:667\u2013678","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"4251_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01142-06","volume":"51","author":"C Cigana","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cigana C, Assael BM, Melotti P (2007) Azithromycin selectively reduces tumor necrosis factor alpha levels in cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51:975\u2013981","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"4251_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(98)00091-0","volume":"11","author":"AA Khan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Khan AA, Slifer TR, Araujo FG, Remington JS (1999) Effect of clarithromycin and azithromycin on production of cytokines by human monocytes. Int J Antimicrob Agents 11:121\u2013132","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"4251_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1179\/joc.2009.21.4.396","volume":"21","author":"S Ikegaya","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ikegaya S, Inai K, Iwasaki H, Naiki H, Ueda T (2009) Azithromycin reduces tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated THP-1 monocytic cells by modification of stress response and p38 MAPK pathway. J Chemother 21:396\u2013402","journal-title":"J Chemother"},{"key":"4251_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)80742-6","volume":"21","author":"MG Suranyi","year":"1993","unstructured":"Suranyi MG, Guasch A, Hall BM, Myers BD (1993) Elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the nephrotic syndrome in humans. Am J Kidney Dis 21:251\u2013259","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"4251_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-005-2078-3","volume":"21","author":"PF Laflam","year":"2006","unstructured":"Laflam PF, Garin EH (2006) Effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha and vascular permeability growth factor on albuminuria in rats. Pediatr Nephrol 21:177\u2013181","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"4251_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V76914","volume":"7","author":"R Pai","year":"1996","unstructured":"Pai R, Ha H, Kirschenbaum MA, Kamanna VS (1996) Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on mesangial cell MCP-1 expression and monocyte migration: mechanisms mediated by signal transduction. J Am Soc Nephrol 7:914\u2013923","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"4251_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V93433","volume":"9","author":"ET McCarthy","year":"1998","unstructured":"McCarthy ET, Sharma R, Sharma M, Li JZ, Ge XL, Dileepan KN, Savin VJ (1998) TNF-alpha increases albumin permeability of isolated rat glomeruli through the generation of superoxide. J Am Soc Nephrol 9:433\u2013438","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"4251_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200010053431412","volume":"343","author":"E Drewe","year":"2000","unstructured":"Drewe E, McDermott EM, Powell RJ (2000) Treatment of the nephrotic syndrome with etanercept in patients with the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome. N Engl J Med 343:1044\u20131045","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"4251_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.05.023","volume":"517","author":"MJ Parnham","year":"2005","unstructured":"Parnham MJ, Culic O, Erakovic V, Munic V, Popovic-Grle S, Barisic K, Bosnar M, Brajsa K, Cepelak I, Cuzic S, Glojnaric I, Manojlovic Z, Novak-Mircetic R, Oreskovic K, Pavicic-Beljak V, Radosevic S, Sucic M (2005) Modulation of neutrophil and inflammation markers in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by short-term azithromycin treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 517:132\u2013143","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00467-019-04251-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00467-019-04251-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00467-019-04251-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,18]],"date-time":"2022-09-18T01:19:48Z","timestamp":1663463988000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00467-019-04251-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["4251"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00467-019-04251-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0931-041X","1432-198X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0931-041X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-198X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 January 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2019","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2019","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 May 2019","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"An informed consent was obtained from patients\u2019 caregivers.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"The research does not include animals.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and animal rights"}}]}}