{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T10:59:57Z","timestamp":1781953197547,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Qatar National Library"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Nephrol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recently updated clinical guidelines have highlighted the gaps in our understanding and management of pediatric hypertension. With increased recognition and diagnosis of pediatric hypertension, the use of antihypertensive agents is also likely to increase. Drug selection to treat hypertension in the pediatric patient population remains challenging. This is primarily due to a lack of large, well-designed pediatric safety and efficacy trials, limited understanding of pharmacokinetics in children, and unknown risk of prolonged exposure to antihypertensive therapies. With newer legislation providing financial incentives for conducting clinical trials in children, along with publication of pediatric-focused guidelines, literature available for antihypertensive agents in pediatrics has increased over the last 20\u00a0years. The objective of this article is to review the literature for safety and efficacy of commonly prescribed antihypertensive agents in pediatrics. Thus far, the most data to support use in children was found for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), and calcium channel blockers (CCB). Several gaps were noted in the literature, particularly for beta blockers, vasodilators, and the long-term safety profile of antihypertensive agents in children. Further clinical trials are needed to guide safe and effective prescribing in the pediatric population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-019-04314-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T11:43:31Z","timestamp":1572608611000},"page":"2049-2065","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Antihypertensive agents: a long way to safe drug prescribing in children"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Nida","family":"Siddiqi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9026-0898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim F.","family":"Shatat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"4314_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM et al (2017) Subcommittee on Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children. Clinical Practice Guideline for Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics 140(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2017-3035","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-3035"},{"key":"4314_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2007.01.052","volume":"150","author":"KL McNiece","year":"2007","unstructured":"McNiece KL, Poffenbarger TS, Turner JL, Franco KD, Sorof JM, Portman RJ (2007) Prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension among adolescents. J Pediatr 150:640\u2013644 644.e641","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"4314_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00209","volume":"6","author":"IF Shatat","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shatat IF, Brady TM (2018) Editorial: Pediatric hypertension: update. Front Pediatr 6:209","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"4314_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.7.735","volume":"168","author":"LS Lim","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lim LS, Fink HA, Kuskowski MA, Taylor BC, Schousboe JT, Ensrud KE, Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study Group (2008) Loop diuretic use and increased rates of hip bone loss in older men: the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study. Arch Intern Med 168:735\u2013740","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"4314_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0828-282X(06)70902-3","volume":"22","author":"DF Blackburn","year":"2006","unstructured":"Blackburn DF, Wilson TW (2006) Antihypertensive medications and blood sugar: theories and implications. Can J Cardiol 22:229\u2013233","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"4314_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-008-0037-7","volume":"8","author":"M Deshmukh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Deshmukh M, Lee HW, McFarlane SI, Whaley-Connell A (2008) Antihypertensive medications and their effects on lipid metabolism. Curr Diab Rep 8:214\u2013220","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"4314_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0902066","volume":"361","author":"E W\u00fchl","year":"2009","unstructured":"ESCAPE Trial Group, W\u00fchl E, Trivelli A, Picca S, Litwin M, Peco-Antic A, Zurowska A, Testa S, Jankauskiene A, Emre S, Caldas-Afonso A, Anarat A, Niaudet P, Mir S, Bakkaloglu A, Enke B, Montini G, Wingen AM, Sallay P, Jeck N, Berg U, Caliskan S, Wygoda S, Hohbach-Hohenfellner K, Dusek J, Urasinski T, Arbeiter K, Neuhaus T, Gellermann J, Drozdz D, Fischbach M, M\u00f6ller K, Wigger M, Peruzzi L, Mehls O, Schaefer F (2009) Strict blood-pressure control and progression of renal failure in children. N Engl J Med 361:1639\u20131650","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"4314_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2018010036","volume":"29","author":"SM van den Belt","year":"2018","unstructured":"van den Belt SM, HJL H, Gracchi V, de Zeeuw D, W\u00fchl E, Schaefer F, ESCAPE Trial Group (2018) Early proteinuria lowering by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition predicts renal survival in children with CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 29:2225\u20132233","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"4314_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11686","volume":"73","author":"MB Lande","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lande MB, Kupferman JC (2019) Blood pressure and cognitive function in children and adolescents. Hypertension 73:532\u2013540","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"4314_CR10","first-page":"389","volume":"8","author":"AR Sinaiko","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sinaiko AR (1994) Clinical pharmacology of converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers and diuretics. J Hum Hypertens 8:389\u2013394","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"4314_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s40256-016-0173-4","volume":"16","author":"S Taddei","year":"2016","unstructured":"Taddei S, Bortolotto L (2016) Unraveling the pivotal role of bradykinin in ACE inhibitor activity. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 16:309\u2013321","journal-title":"Am J Cardiovasc Drugs"},{"key":"4314_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0877","volume":"129","author":"EY Yoon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yoon EY, Cohn L, Rocchini A, Kershaw D, Freed G, Ascione F, Clark S (2012) Antihypertensive prescribing patterns for adolescents with primary hypertension. Pediatrics 129:e1\u2013e8","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"4314_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1177\/009127002401102786","volume":"42","author":"T Wells","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wells T, Frame V, Soffer B, Shaw W, Zhang Z, Herrera P, Shahinfar S, Enalapril Pediatric Hypertension Collaborative Study Group (2002) A double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study of the effectiveness and safety of enalapril for children with hypertension. J Clin Pharmacol 42:870\u2013880","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"4314_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(03)00900-2","volume":"16","author":"B Soffer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Soffer B, Zhang Z, Miller K, Vogt BA, Shahinfar S (2003) A double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study of the effectiveness and safety of lisinopril for children with hypertension. Am J Hypertens 16:795\u2013800","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"4314_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000138069.68413.f0","volume":"44","author":"JS Li","year":"2004","unstructured":"Li JS, Berezny K, Kilaru R, Hazan L, Portman R, Hogg R, Jenkins RD, Kanani P, Cottrill CM, Mattoo TK, Zharkova L, Kozlova L, Weisman I, Deitchman D, Califf RM (2004) Is the extrapolated adult dose of fosinopril safe and effective in treating hypertensive children? Hypertension 44:289\u2013293","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"4314_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03250807","volume":"3","author":"GL Bakris","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bakris GL (2008) Slowing nephropathy progression: focus on proteinuria reduction. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3(Suppl 1):S3\u2013S10","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"4314_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00802.x","volume":"66","author":"E W\u00fchl","year":"2004","unstructured":"W\u00fchl E, Mehls O, Schaefer F, ESCAPE Trial Group (2004) Antihypertensive and antiproteinuric efficacy of ramipril in children with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 66:768\u2013776","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"4314_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-006-0223-2","volume":"21","author":"M Litwin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Litwin M, Grenda R, Sladowska J, Antoniewicz J (2006) Add-on therapy with angiotensin II receptor 1 blocker in children with chronic kidney disease already treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Pediatr Nephrol 21:1716\u20131722","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"4314_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-016-3495-1","volume":"32","author":"P Ruggenenti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ruggenenti P, Cravedi P, Chianca A, Caruso M, Remuzzi G (2017) Achieving remission of proteinuria in childhood CKD. Pediatr Nephrol 32:321\u2013330","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"4314_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-016-1496-2","volume":"38","author":"LC Ku","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ku LC, Zimmerman K, Benjamin DK, Clark RH, Hornik CP, Smith PB, Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act \u2013 Pediatric Trials Network Steering Committee (2017) Safety of enalapril in infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Cardiol 38:155\u2013161","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"key":"4314_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1161\/hc4101.096153","volume":"104","author":"AC Schoolwerth","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schoolwerth AC, Sica DA, Ballermann BJ, Wilcox CS, Council on the Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease and the Council for High Blood Pressure Research of the American Heart Association (2001) Renal considerations in angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor therapy: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Council on the Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease and the Council for High Blood Pressure Research of the American Heart Association. Circulation 104:1985\u20131991","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"4314_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2009.231","volume":"87","author":"CM Baker-Smith","year":"2010","unstructured":"Baker-Smith CM, Benjamin DK, Califf RM, Murphy MD, Li JS, Smith PB (2010) Cough in pediatric patients receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy or angiotensin receptor blocker therapy in randomized controlled trials. Clin Pharmacol Ther 87:668\u2013671","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"4314_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-015-2680-8","volume":"175","author":"C Terano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Terano C, Ishikura K, Miura M, Hamada R, Harada R, Sakai T, Hamasaki Y, Hataya H, Ando T, Honda M (2016) Incidence of and risk factors for severe acute kidney injury in children with heart failure treated with renin-angiotensin system inhibitors. Eur J Pediatr 175:631\u2013637","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"4314_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.11611113","volume":"9","author":"KL Evans","year":"2014","unstructured":"Evans KL, Tuttle KR, Folt DA, Dawson T, Haller ST, Brewster PS, He W, Jamerson K, Dworkin LD, Cutlip DE, Murphy TP, D'Agostino RB, Henrich W, Cooper CJ (2014) Use of renin-angiotensin inhibitors in people with renal artery stenosis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 9:1199\u20131206","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"4314_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.5301\/jn.5000206","volume":"25","author":"G Piecha","year":"2012","unstructured":"Piecha G, Wiecek A, Januszewicz A (2012) Epidemiology and optimal management in patients with renal artery stenosis. J Nephrol 25:872\u2013878","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"4314_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198302173080706","volume":"308","author":"DE Hricik","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hricik DE, Browning PJ, Kopelman R, Goorno WE, Madias NE, Dzau VJ (1983) Captopril-induced functional renal insufficiency in patients with bilateral renal-artery stenoses or renal-artery stenosis in a solitary kidney. N Engl J Med 308:373\u2013376","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"4314_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198302173080707","volume":"308","author":"JJ Curtis","year":"1983","unstructured":"Curtis JJ, Luke RG, Whelchel JD, Diethelm AG, Jones P, Dustan HP (1983) Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme in renal-transplant recipients with hypertension. N Engl J Med 308:377\u2013381","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"4314_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1177\/000331978703800602","volume":"38","author":"T Takabatake","year":"1987","unstructured":"Takabatake T, Ohta H, Yamamoto Y, Ishida Y, Hara H, Ushiogi Y, Nakamura S, Hattori N (1987) Effect of angiotensin blockade and converting enzyme inhibition on renovascular hypertension: comparison between unilateral and bilateral renal artery stenosis. Angiology 38:434\u2013439","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"4314_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133D","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(87)90068-3","volume":"59","author":"DM Tillman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Tillman DM, Adams FG, Gillen G, Morton JJ, Robertson JI (1987) Ramipril for hypertension secondary to renal artery stenosis. Changes in blood pressure, the renin-angiotensin system and total and divided renal function. Am J Cardiol 59:133D\u2013142D","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"4314_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2011.171","volume":"24","author":"JH Laragh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Laragh JH, Sealey JE (2011) The plasma renin test reveals the contribution of body sodium-volume content (V) and renin-angiotensin (R) vasoconstriction to long-term blood pressure. Am J Hypertens 24:1164\u20131180","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"4314_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0b013e31820d1b89","volume":"58","author":"JT Flynn","year":"2011","unstructured":"Flynn JT (2011) Management of hypertension in the young: role of antihypertensive medications. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 58:111\u2013120","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"4314_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-14-201","volume":"14","author":"RN Peck","year":"2013","unstructured":"Peck RN, Smart LR, Beier R, Liwa AC, Grosskurth H, Fitzgerald DW, Schmidt BM (2013) Difference in blood pressure response to ACE-inhibitor monotherapy between black and white adults with arterial hypertension: a meta-analysis of 13 clinical trials. BMC Nephrol 14:201","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"4314_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2008.113","volume":"84","author":"JS Li","year":"2008","unstructured":"Li JS, Baker-Smith CM, Smith PB, Hasselblad V, Murphy MD, Califf RM, Benjamin DK (2008) Racial differences in blood pressure response to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in children: a meta-analysis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 84:315\u2013319","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"4314_CR34","first-page":"1047","volume":"48","author":"S Ratnapalan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ratnapalan S, Koren G (2002) Taking ACE inhibitors during pregnancy. Is it safe? Can Fam Physician 48:1047\u20131049","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"4314_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.05.045","volume":"167","author":"S Nadeem","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nadeem S, Hashmat S, Defreitas MJ, Westreich KD, Shatat IF, Selewski DT, Onder AM, Chiang M, Weaver DJ, Steinke J, Barcia J, Hernandez J, Hidalgo G, Ingraham SE, Abitbol CL, Pan C, Greenbaum LA (2015) Renin angiotensin system blocker Fetopathy: a Midwest pediatric nephrology consortium report. J Pediatr 167:881\u2013885","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"4314_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k4209","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k4209","volume":"363","author":"BM Hicks","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hicks BM, Filion KB, Yin H, Sakr L, Udell JA, Azoulay L (2018) Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and risk of lung cancer: population based cohort study. BMJ 363:k4209","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4314_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.14.1411","volume":"97","author":"NJ Brown","year":"1998","unstructured":"Brown NJ, Vaughan DE (1998) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Circulation 97:1411\u20131420","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"4314_CR38","first-page":"F897","volume":"246","author":"PR Kastner","year":"1984","unstructured":"Kastner PR, Hall JE, Guyton AC (1984) Control of glomerular filtration rate: role of intrarenally formed angiotensin II. Am J Phys 246:F897\u2013F906","journal-title":"Am J Phys"},{"key":"4314_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23215","volume":"112","author":"R van der Knaap","year":"2008","unstructured":"van der Knaap R, Siemes C, Coebergh JW, van Duijn CM, Hofman A, Stricker BH (2008) Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene insertion\/deletion polymorphism, and cancer: the Rotterdam Study. Cancer 112:748\u2013757","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"4314_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.1999.1740","volume":"21","author":"E Roig","year":"2000","unstructured":"Roig E, Perez-Villa F, Morales M, Jim\u00e9nez W, Or\u00fas J, Heras M, Sanz G (2000) Clinical implications of increased plasma angiotensin II despite ACE inhibitor therapy in patients with congestive heart failure. Eur Heart J 21:53\u201357","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"4314_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.6.904","volume":"103","author":"M Burnier","year":"2001","unstructured":"Burnier M (2001) Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers. Circulation 103:904\u2013912","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"4314_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1159\/000266478","volume":"32","author":"T Seeman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Seeman T, Pohl M, Misselwitz J, John U (2009) Angiotensin receptor blocker reduces proteinuria independently of blood pressure in children already treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Kidney Blood Press Res 32:440\u2013444","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press Res"},{"key":"4314_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.111054","volume":"52","author":"JT Flynn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Flynn JT, Meyers KE, Neto JP, de Paula Meneses R, Zurowska A, Bagga A, Mattheyse L, Shi V, Gupte J, Solar-Yohay S, Han G, Pediatric Valsartan Study Group (2008) Efficacy and safety of the angiotensin receptor blocker valsartan in children with hypertension aged 1 to 5 years. Hypertension 52:222\u2013228","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"4314_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7176.2011.00432.x","volume":"13","author":"T Wells","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wells T, Blumer J, Meyers KE, Neto JP, Meneses R, Litwin M, Vande Walle J, Solar-Yohay S, Shi V, Han G, Valsartan Pediatric Hypertension Study Group (2011) Effectiveness and safety of valsartan in children aged 6 to 16\u2003years with hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 13:357\u2013365","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"4314_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32834c625c","volume":"29","author":"F Schaefer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schaefer F, Litwin M, Zachwieja J, Zurowska A, Turi S, Grosso A, Pezous N, Kadwa M (2011) Efficacy and safety of valsartan compared to enalapril in hypertensive children: a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study. J Hypertens 29:2484\u20132490","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"4314_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7176.2008.00022.x","volume":"10","author":"H Trachtman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Trachtman H, Hainer JW, Sugg J, Teng R, Sorof JM, Radcliffe J, Candesartan in Children with Hypertension (CINCH) Investigators (2008) Efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of candesartan cilexetil in hypertensive children aged 6 to 17 years. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 10:743\u2013750","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"4314_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e328336b86b","volume":"28","author":"F Schaefer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schaefer F, van de Walle J, Zurowska A, Gimpel C, van Hoeck K, Drozdz D, Montini G, Bagdasorova IV, Sorof J, Sugg J, Teng R, Hainer JW, Candesartan in Children with Hypertension Investigators (2010) Efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of candesartan cilexetil in hypertensive children from 1 to less than 6 years of age. J Hypertens 28:1083\u20131090","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"4314_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2004.09.009","volume":"18","author":"S Shahinfar","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shahinfar S, Cano F, Soffer BA, Ahmed T, Santoro EP, Zhang Z, Gleim G, Miller K, Vogt B, Blumer J, Briazgounov I (2005) A double-blind, dose-response study of losartan in hypertensive children. Am J Hypertens 18:183\u2013190","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"4314_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.06620909","volume":"5","author":"NJ Webb","year":"2010","unstructured":"Webb NJ, Lam C, Loeys T, Shahinfar S, Strehlau J, Wells TG, Santoro E, Manas D, Gleim GW (2010) Randomized, double-blind, controlled study of losartan in children with proteinuria. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5:417\u2013424","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"4314_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2006.02814.x","volume":"63","author":"CM Meier","year":"2007","unstructured":"Meier CM, Simonetti GD, Ghiglia S, Fossali E, Salice P, Limoni C, Bianchetti MG, CHIld Project (2007) Palatability of angiotensin II antagonists among nephropathic children. Br J Clin Pharmacol 63:628\u2013631","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"4314_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.147702","volume":"55","author":"L Hazan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hazan L, Hern\u00e1ndez Rodriguez OA, Bhorat AE, Miyazaki K, Tao B, Heyrman R, Assessment of Efficacy and Safety of Olmesartan in Pediatric Hypertension Study Group (2010) A double-blind, dose-response study of the efficacy and safety of olmesartan medoxomil in children and adolescents with hypertension. Hypertension 55:1323\u20131330","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"4314_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/HPC.0b013e318053da59","volume":"6","author":"KC Ferdinand","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ferdinand KC, Armani AM (2007) The management of hypertension in African Americans. Crit Pathw Cardiol 6:67\u201371","journal-title":"Crit Pathw Cardiol"},{"key":"4314_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2005.12.025","volume":"152","author":"S Menon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Menon S, Berezny KY, Kilaru R, Benjamin DK, Kay JD, Hazan L, Portman R, Hogg R, Deitchman D, Califf RM, Li JS (2006) Racial differences are seen in blood pressure response to fosinopril in hypertensive children. Am Heart J 152:394\u2013399","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"4314_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.17388","volume":"32","author":"GB Pylypchuk","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pylypchuk GB (1998) ACE inhibitor- versus angiotensin II blocker-induced cough and angioedema. Ann Pharmacother 32:1060\u20131066","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"4314_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1901657","volume":"380","author":"JB Byrd","year":"2019","unstructured":"Byrd JB, Chertow GM, Bhalla V (2019) Hypertension hot potato\u2014anatomy of the angiotensin-receptor blocker recalls. N Engl J Med 380:1589\u20131591","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"4314_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.10R04FM","volume":"113","author":"A Ichihara","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ichihara A, Sakoda M, Kurauchi-Mito A, Narita T, Kinouchi K, Bokuda K, Itoh H (2010) New approaches to blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: characteristics and usefulness of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren. J Pharmacol Sci 113:296\u2013300","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"4314_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0168","volume":"32","author":"F Persson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Persson F, Rossing P, Reinhard H, Juhl T, Stehouwer CD, Schalkwijk C, Danser AH, Boomsma F, Frandsen E, Parving HH (2009) Renal effects of aliskiren compared with and in combination with irbesartan in patients with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and albuminuria. Diabetes Care 32:1873\u20131879","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4314_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07590810","volume":"6","author":"F Persson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Persson F, Lewis JB, Lewis EJ, Rossing P, Hollenberg NK, Parving HH (2011) Aliskiren in combination with losartan reduces albuminuria independent of baseline blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6:1025\u20131031","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"4314_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-010-1702-z","volume":"26","author":"EE Kelland","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kelland EE, McAuley LM, Filler G (2011) Are we ready to use aliskiren in children? Pediatr Nephrol 26:473\u2013477","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"4314_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922813483875","volume":"52","author":"JE Sullivan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sullivan JE, Keefe D, Zhou Y, Satlin L, Fang H, Yan JH (2013) Pharmacokinetics, safety profile, and efficacy of aliskiren in pediatric patients with hypertension. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 52:599\u2013607","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"key":"4314_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000054495.96193.BF","volume":"14","author":"P Jacobsen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jacobsen P, Andersen S, Jensen BR, Parving HH (2003) Additive effect of ACE inhibition and angiotensin II receptor blockade in type I diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 14:992\u2013999","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"4314_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00469-6","volume":"4","author":"HJ Heerspink","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heerspink HJ, Persson F, Brenner BM, Chaturvedi N, Brunel P, McMurray JJ, Desai AS, Solomon SD, Pfeffer MA, Parving HH, de Zeeuw D (2016) Renal outcomes with aliskiren in patients with type 2 diabetes: a prespecified secondary analysis of the ALTITUDE randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 4:309\u2013317","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"4314_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e42","volume":"344","author":"Z Harel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Harel Z, Gilbert C, Wald R, Bell C, Perl J, Juurlink D, Beyene J, Shah PS (2012) The effect of combination treatment with aliskiren and blockers of the renin-angiotensin system on hyperkalaemia and acute kidney injury: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 344:e42","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4314_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61236-2","volume":"372","author":"JF Mann","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mann JF, Schmieder RE, McQueen M, Dyal L, Schumacher H, Pogue J, Wang X, Maggioni A, Budaj A, Chaithiraphan S, Dickstein K, Keltai M, Mets\u00e4rinne K, Oto A, Parkhomenko A, Piegas LS, Svendsen TL, Teo KK, Yusuf S, ONTARGET investigators (2008) Renal outcomes with telmisartan, ramipril, or both, in people at high vascular risk (the ONTARGET study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet 372:547\u2013553","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4314_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670050514","volume":"12","author":"SK Eades","year":"1998","unstructured":"Eades SK, Christensen ML (1998) The clinical pharmacology of loop diuretics in the pediatric patient. Pediatr Nephrol 12:603\u2013616","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"4314_CR66","first-page":"e41","volume":"11","author":"NA Khan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Khan NA, Campbell NR (2004) Thiazide diuretics in the management of hypertension. Can J Clin Pharmacol 11:e41\u2013e44","journal-title":"Can J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"4314_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1P338","volume":"44","author":"JC Marrs","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marrs JC (2010) Spironolactone management of resistant hypertension. Ann Pharmacother 44:1762\u20131769","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"4314_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.09.038","volume":"122","author":"DS Wald","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wald DS, Law M, Morris JK, Bestwick JP, Wald NJ (2009) Combination therapy versus monotherapy in reducing blood pressure: meta-analysis on 11,000 participants from 42 trials. Am J Med 122:290\u2013300","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"4314_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.02.042","volume":"157","author":"JS Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li JS, Flynn JT, Portman R, Davis I, Ogawa M, Shi H, Pressler ML (2010) The efficacy and safety of the novel aldosterone antagonist eplerenone in children with hypertension: a randomized, double-blind, dose-response study. J Pediatr 157:282\u2013287","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"4314_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2017.00285","volume":"5","author":"SY Ahn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ahn SY, Gupta C (2017) Genetic programming of hypertension. Front Pediatr 5:285","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"4314_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.08781010","volume":"6","author":"ME Grams","year":"2011","unstructured":"Grams ME, Estrella MM, Coresh J, Brower RG, Liu KD, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network (2011) Fluid balance, diuretic use, and mortality in acute kidney injury. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6:966\u2013973","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"4314_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2017.01.006","volume":"69","author":"D Kodati","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kodati D, Yellu N (2017) Population pharmacokinetic modeling of furosemide in patients with hypertension and fluid overload conditions. Pharmacol Rep 69:492\u2013496","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rep"},{"key":"4314_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3810\/psm.2010.04.1760","volume":"38","author":"C Asplund","year":"2010","unstructured":"Asplund C (2010) Treatment of hypertension in athletes: an evidence-based review. Phys Sportsmed 38:37\u201344","journal-title":"Phys Sportsmed"},{"key":"4314_CR74","unstructured":"Aronoff GR (2007) Drug prescribing in renal failure: dosing guidelines for adults and children. American College of Physicians; [London: Royal Society of Medicine, distributor], Philadelphia, PA"},{"key":"4314_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1586\/erc.10.27","volume":"8","author":"JD Duarte","year":"2010","unstructured":"Duarte JD, Cooper-DeHoff RM (2010) Mechanisms for blood pressure lowering and metabolic effects of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 8:793\u2013802","journal-title":"Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther"},{"key":"4314_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05080418","volume":"14","author":"S Sibbel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sibbel S, Walker AG, Colson C, Tentori F, Brunelli SM, Flythe J (2019) Association of continuation of loop diuretics at hemodialysis initiation with clinical outcomes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 14:95\u2013102","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"4314_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000244391","volume":"71","author":"C Borradori","year":"1997","unstructured":"Borradori C, Fawer CL, Buclin T, Calame A (1997) Risk factors of sensorineural hearing loss in preterm infants. Biol Neonate 71:1\u201310","journal-title":"Biol Neonate"},{"key":"4314_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2018.08.009","volume":"125","author":"LA Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang LA, Smith PB, Laughon M, Goldberg RN, Ku LC, Zimmerman KO, Balevic S, Clark RH, Benjamin DK, Greenberg RG, Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act \u2013 Pediatric Trials Network Steering Committee (2018) Prolonged furosemide exposure and risk of abnormal newborn hearing screen in premature infants. Early Hum Dev 125:26\u201330","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"4314_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-014-0167-4","volume":"46","author":"M Ghosh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ghosh M, Majumdar SR (2014) Antihypertensive medications, bone mineral density, and fractures: a review of old cardiac drugs that provides new insights into osteoporosis. Endocrine 46:397\u2013405","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"4314_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.129104","volume":"18","author":"N Cuhaci","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cuhaci N, Polat SB, Evranos B, Ersoy R, Cakir B (2014) Gynecomastia: clinical evaluation and management. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 18:150\u2013158","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"4314_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.11.042","volume":"78","author":"SA Pedersen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pedersen SA, Gaist D, Schmidt SAJ, H\u00f6lmich LR, Friis S, Potteg\u00e5rd A (2018) Hydrochlorothiazide use and risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer: a nationwide case-control study from Denmark. J Am Acad Dermatol 78:673\u2013681 e679","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"4314_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.1652","volume":"178","author":"A Potteg\u00e5rd","year":"2018","unstructured":"Potteg\u00e5rd A, Pedersen SA, Schmidt SAJ, H\u00f6lmich LR, Friis S, Gaist D (2018) Association of hydrochlorothiazide use and risk of malignant melanoma. JAMA Intern Med 178:1120\u20131122","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"4314_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2017.12.003","volume":"122","author":"S Gandini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gandini S, Palli D, Spadola G, Bendinelli B, Cocorocchio E, Stanganelli I, Miligi L, Masala G, Caini S (2018) Anti-hypertensive drugs and skin cancer risk: a review of the literature and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 122:1\u20139","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"key":"4314_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.14740\/jocmr3744","volume":"11","author":"D Shin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shin D, Lee ES, Kim J, Guerra L, Naik D, Prida X (2019) Association between the use of thiazide diuretics and the risk of skin cancers: a meta-analysis of observational studies. J Clin Med Res 11:247\u2013255","journal-title":"J Clin Med Res"},{"key":"4314_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670000480","volume":"15","author":"JT Flynn","year":"2000","unstructured":"Flynn JT, Pasko DA (2000) Calcium channel blockers: pharmacology and place in therapy of pediatric hypertension. Pediatr Nephrol 15:302\u2013316","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"4314_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.2165\/00148581-200608060-00004","volume":"8","author":"S Sahney","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sahney S (2006) A review of calcium channel antagonists in the treatment of pediatric hypertension. Paediatr Drugs 8:357\u2013373","journal-title":"Paediatr Drugs"},{"key":"4314_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.04.009","volume":"145","author":"JT Flynn","year":"2004","unstructured":"Flynn JT, Newburger JW, Daniels SR, Sanders SP, Portman RJ, Hogg RJ, Saul JP, PATH-1 Investigators (2004) A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of amlodipine in children with hypertension. J Pediatr 145:353\u2013359","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"4314_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270006289844","volume":"46","author":"JT Flynn","year":"2006","unstructured":"Flynn JT, Nahata MC, Mahan JD, Portman RJ, PATH-2 Investigators (2006) Population pharmacokinetics of amlodipine in hypertensive children and adolescents. J Clin Pharmacol 46:905\u2013916","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"4314_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670200006","volume":"17","author":"DW Egger","year":"2002","unstructured":"Egger DW, Deming DD, Hamada N, Perkin RM, Sahney S (2002) Evaluation of the safety of short-acting nifedipine in children with hypertension. Pediatr Nephrol 17:35\u201340","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"4314_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-005-1854-4","volume":"20","author":"MP Castaneda","year":"2005","unstructured":"Castaneda MP, Walsh CA, Woroniecki RP, Del Rio M, Flynn JT (2005) Ventricular arrhythmia following short-acting nifedipine administration. Pediatr Nephrol 20:1000\u20131002","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"4314_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3046.1999.00056.x","volume":"3","author":"DM Silverstein","year":"1999","unstructured":"Silverstein DM, Palmer J, Baluarte HJ, Brass C, Conley SB, Polinsky MS (1999) Use of calcium-channel blockers in pediatric renal transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant 3:288\u2013292","journal-title":"Pediatr Transplant"},{"key":"4314_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.73.2.154","volume":"73","author":"I Moncica","year":"1995","unstructured":"Moncica I, Oh PI, ul Qamar I, Scolnik D, Arbus GS, Hebert D, Balfe JW, Koren G (1995) A crossover comparison of extended release felodipine with prolonged action nifedipine in hypertension. Arch Dis Child 73:154\u2013156","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"4314_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pisano AB, Davide, Mallamaci F, D\u2019Arrigo G, Halimi J-M, Persu A, Wuerzner G, Sarafidis P, Watschinger B, Burnier M, Zoccali C (2019) Comparative effectiveness of different antihypertensive agents in kidney transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfz092","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfz092"},{"key":"4314_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Portman R, Restaino I, Matoo TK, Tou C, Klibaner M (2003) Clinical trial of extended-release felodipine in pediatric essential hypertension. Pediatr Nephrol 18:548\u2013553","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-003-1134-0"},{"key":"4314_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-002-0939-6","volume":"17","author":"JT Flynn","year":"2002","unstructured":"Flynn JT, Warnick SJ (2002) Isradipine treatment of hypertension in children: a single-center experience. Pediatr Nephrol 17:748\u2013753","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"4314_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7176.2010.00347.x","volume":"12","author":"Y Miyashita","year":"2010","unstructured":"Miyashita Y, Peterson D, Rees JM, Flynn JT (2010) Isradipine for treatment of acute hypertension in hospitalized children and adolescents. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 12:850\u2013855","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"4314_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2009.02.016","volume":"39","author":"BE Benson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Benson BE, Spyker DA, Troutman WG, Watson WA, Bakhireva LN (2010) Amlodipine toxicity in children less than 6 years of age: a dose-response analysis using national poison data system data. J Emerg Med 39:186\u2013193","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"4314_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-018-0271-9","volume":"19","author":"MB Christensen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Christensen MB, Petersen KM, B\u00f8gevig S, Al-Gibouri S, Jimenez-Solem E, Dalhoff KP, Petersen TS, Andersen JT (2018) Outcomes following calcium channel blocker exposures reported to a poison information center. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 19:78","journal-title":"BMC Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"4314_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009147","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009147","volume":"6","author":"L Grimaldi-Bensouda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Grimaldi-Bensouda L, Klungel O, Kurz X, de Groot MC, Maciel Afonso AS, de Bruin ML, Reynolds R, Rossignol M (2016) Calcium channel blockers and cancer: a risk analysis using the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). BMJ Open 6:e009147","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"4314_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang Z, White DL, Hoogeveen R, Chen L, Whitsel EA, Richardson PA, Virani SS, Garcia JM, El-Serag HB, Jiao L (2018) Anti-hypertensive medication use, soluble receptor for glycation end products and risk of pancreatic cancer in the Women\u2019s Health Initiative Study. J Clin Med 7(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm7080197","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7080197"},{"key":"4314_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1998.00912.x","volume":"53","author":"HJ Kloke","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kloke HJ, Branten AJ, Huysmans FT, Wetzels JF (1998) Antihypertensive treatment of patients with proteinuric renal diseases: risks or benefits of calcium channel blockers? Kidney Int 53:1559\u20131573","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"4314_CR102","unstructured":"Richardson K, Weaver DJ, Ng DK, Carroll MK, Warady B, Furth S, Flynn JT (2019) Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker therapy increases proteinuria among children with chronic kidney disease and high blood pressure. Pediatric Academic Societies Annual Meeting, Baltimore, MD"},{"key":"4314_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.1991.tb00325.x","volume":"229","author":"H Holdaas","year":"1991","unstructured":"Holdaas H, Hartmann A, Lien MG, Nilsen L, Jervell J, Fauchald P, Endresen L, Dj\u00f8seland O, Berg KJ (1991) Contrasting effects of lisinopril and nifedipine on albuminuria and tubular transport functions in insulin dependent diabetics with nephropathy. J Intern Med 229:163\u2013170","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"4314_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12699","volume":"55","author":"C Hickman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hickman C, Lewis KS, Little R, Rastogi RG, Yonker M (2015) Prevention for pediatric and adolescent migraine. Headache 55:1371\u20131381","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"4314_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00870116","volume":"11","author":"PI Georgianos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Georgianos PI, Agarwal R (2016) Pharmacotherapy of hypertension in chronic dialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 11:2062\u20132075","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"4314_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8651(18)30518-6","volume":"5","author":"A Kornbluth","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kornbluth A, Frishman WH, Ackerman M (1987) Beta-adrenergic blockade in children. Cardiol Clin 5:629\u2013649","journal-title":"Cardiol Clin"},{"issue":"Suppl B","key":"4314_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/17.suppl_B.8","volume":"17","author":"T Yoshikawa","year":"1996","unstructured":"Yoshikawa T, Port JD, Asano K, Chidiak P, Bouvier M, Dutcher D, Roden RL, Minobe W, Tremmel KD, Bristow MR (1996) Cardiac adrenergic receptor effects of carvedilol. Eur Heart J 17(Suppl B):8\u201316","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"4314_CR108","first-page":"49","volume":"2","author":"B Falkner","year":"1982","unstructured":"Falkner B, Lowenthal DT, Affrime MB (1982) The pharmacodynamic effectiveness of metoprolol in adolescent hypertension. Pediatr Pharmacol (New York) 2:49\u201355","journal-title":"Pediatr Pharmacol (New York)"},{"key":"4314_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2006.09.034","volume":"150","author":"DL Batisky","year":"2007","unstructured":"Batisky DL, Sorof JM, Sugg J, Llewellyn M, Klibaner M, Hainer JW, Portman RJ, Falkner B, Toprol-XL Pediatric Hypertension Investigators (2007) Efficacy and safety of extended release metoprolol succinate in hypertensive children 6 to 16 years of age: a clinical trial experience. J Pediatr 150:134\u2013139 139.e131","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"4314_CR110","first-page":"299","volume":"32","author":"T Samanta","year":"2011","unstructured":"Samanta T, Purkait R, Sarkar M, Misra A, Ganguly S (2011) Effectiveness of beta blockers in primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in children with portal hypertension. Trop Gastroenterol 32:299\u2013303","journal-title":"Trop Gastroenterol"},{"key":"4314_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02524799","volume":"17","author":"AV Mehta","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mehta AV, Subrahmanyam AB, Anand R (1996) Long-term efficacy and safety of atenolol for supraventricular tachycardia in children. Pediatr Cardiol 17:231\u2013236","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"key":"4314_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alabed S, Sabouni A, Al Dakhoul S, Bdaiwi Y, Frobel-Mercier AK (2016) Beta-blockers for congestive heart failure in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD007037","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007037.pub3"},{"key":"4314_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-016-0431-4","volume":"18","author":"K Merison","year":"2016","unstructured":"Merison K, Jacobs H (2016) Diagnosis and treatment of childhood migraine. Curr Treat Options Neurol 18:48","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"key":"4314_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.53.7.594","volume":"53","author":"WR Griswold","year":"1978","unstructured":"Griswold WR, McNeal R, Mendoza SA, Sellers BB, Higgins S (1978) Propranolol as an antihypertensive agent in children. Arch Dis Child 53:594\u2013596","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"4314_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccl.2010.07.004","volume":"28","author":"RE Kavey","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kavey RE, Daniels SR, Flynn JT (2010) Management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Cardiol Clin 28:597\u2013607","journal-title":"Cardiol Clin"},{"key":"4314_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50A","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(94)90275-5","volume":"73","author":"WH Frishman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Frishman WH, Brobyn R, Brown RD, Johnson BF, Reeves RL, Wombolt DG (1994) Amlodipine versus atenolol in essential hypertension. Am J Cardiol 73:50A\u201354A","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"4314_CR117","first-page":"500","volume":"10","author":"DY Ishisaka","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ishisaka DY, Yonan CD, Housel BF (1991) Labetalol for treatment of hypertension in a child. Clin Pharm 10:500\u2013501","journal-title":"Clin Pharm"},{"key":"4314_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-199002000-00001","volume":"299","author":"GS Berenson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Berenson GS, Shear CL, Chiang YK, Webber LS, Voors AW (1990) Combined low-dose medication and primary intervention over a 30-month period for sustained high blood pressure in childhood. Am J Med Sci 299:79\u201386","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"4314_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-002-0851-0","volume":"17","author":"JM Sorof","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sorof JM, Cargo P, Graepel J, Humphrey D, King E, Rolf C, Cunningham RJ (2002) Beta-blocker\/thiazide combination for treatment of hypertensive children: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatr Nephrol 17:345\u2013350","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"4314_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.19.11.974.31575","volume":"19","author":"MJ Tafreshi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tafreshi MJ, Weinacker AB (1999) Beta-adrenergic-blocking agents in bronchospastic diseases: a therapeutic dilemma. Pharmacotherapy 19:974\u2013978","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"4314_CR121","unstructured":"Athletic participation by children and adolescents who have systemic hypertension (1997) American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Sports Medicine and Fitness. Pediatrics 99:637\u2013638"},{"key":"4314_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0658","volume":"125","author":"TM McCambridge","year":"2010","unstructured":"McCambridge TM, Benjamin HJ, Brenner JS, Cappetta CT, Demorest RA, Gregory AJ, Halstead M, Koutures CG, LaBella CR, Martin S, Rice SG, Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness (2010) Athletic participation by children and adolescents who have systemic hypertension. Pediatrics 125:1287\u20131294","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"4314_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.2337\/diaclin.27.1.36","volume":"27","author":"JB McGill","year":"2009","unstructured":"McGill JB (2009) Reexamining misconceptions about \u03b2-blockers in patients with diabetes. Clin Diabetes 27:36\u201346","journal-title":"Clin Diabetes"},{"key":"4314_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S171365","volume":"11","author":"S Wharton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wharton S, Raiber L, Serodio KJ, Lee J, Christensen RA (2018) Medications that cause weight gain and alternatives in Canada: a narrative review. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 11:427\u2013438","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"4314_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.37.2.250","volume":"37","author":"AM Sharma","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sharma AM, Pischon T, Hardt S, Kunz I, Luft FC (2001) Hypothesis: Beta-adrenergic receptor blockers and weight gain: a systematic analysis. Hypertension 37:250\u2013254","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"4314_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-6175.2007.07161.x","volume":"9","author":"DA Sica","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sica DA (2007) Centrally acting antihypertensive agents: an update. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 9:399\u2013405","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"4314_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.11.005","volume":"50","author":"R Jain","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jain R, Segal S, Kollins SH, Khayrallah M (2011) Clonidine extended-release tablets for pediatric patients with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 50:171\u2013179","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"4314_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1M161","volume":"43","author":"BL Honey","year":"2009","unstructured":"Honey BL, Benefield RJ, Miller JL, Johnson PN (2009) Alpha2-receptor agonists for treatment and prevention of iatrogenic opioid abstinence syndrome in critically ill patients. Ann Pharmacother 43:1506\u20131511","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"4314_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03161223","volume":"5","author":"M Farooqi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Farooqi M, Seifert S, Kunkel S, Johnson M, Benson B (2009) Toxicity from a clonidine suspension. J Med Toxicol 5:130\u2013133","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"4314_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-199627003-00007","volume":"27","author":"J Webster","year":"1996","unstructured":"Webster J, Koch HF (1996) Aspects of tolerability of centrally acting antihypertensive drugs. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 27(Suppl 3):S49\u2013S54","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"4314_CR131","first-page":"43","volume":"9","author":"AF Zuppa","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zuppa AF, Tejani SM, Cullen EJ, Nadkarni VM (2004) Plasma concentrations following application of whole versus cut transdermal clonidine patches to critically ill children. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 9:43\u201348","journal-title":"J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"4314_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7176.2011.00507.x","volume":"13","author":"JN Cohn","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cohn JN, McInnes GT, Shepherd AM (2011) Direct-acting vasodilators. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 13:690\u2013692","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"4314_CR133","first-page":"CD004934","volume":"11","author":"MR Kandler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kandler MR, Mah GT, Tejani AM, Stabler SN, Salzwedel DM (2011) Hydralazine for essential hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11:CD004934","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"4314_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-014-2772-0","volume":"29","author":"J Ostrye","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ostrye J, Hailpern SM, Jones J, Egan B, Chessman K, Shatat IF (2014) The efficacy and safety of intravenous hydralazine for the treatment of hypertension in the hospitalized child. Pediatr Nephrol 29:1403\u20131409","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"4314_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-214598","volume":"78","author":"L Arnaud","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arnaud L, Mertz P, Gavand PE, Martin T, Chasset F, Tebacher-Alt M, Lambert A, Muller C, Sibilia J, Lebrun-Vignes B, Salem JE (2019) Drug-induced systemic lupus: revisiting the ever-changing spectrum of the disease using the WHO pharmacovigilance database. Ann Rheum Dis 78:504\u2013508","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"4314_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-6175.2004.03585.x","volume":"6","author":"DA Sica","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sica DA (2004) Minoxidil: an underused vasodilator for resistant or severe hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 6:283\u2013287","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"4314_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.78.5.861","volume":"78","author":"CF Strife","year":"1986","unstructured":"Strife CF, Quinlan M, Waldo FB, Fryer CJ, Jackson EC, Welch TR, McEnery PT, West CD (1986) Minoxidil for control of acute blood pressure elevation in chronically hypertensive children. Pediatrics 78:861\u2013865","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"4314_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e341","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1495","volume":"34","author":"ZA Vesoulis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vesoulis ZA, Attarian SJ, Zeller B, Cole FS (2014) Minoxidil-associated anorexia in an infant with refractory hypertension. Pharmacotherapy 34:e341\u2013e344","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"4314_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2017.00155","volume":"5","author":"R Bholah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bholah R, Bunchman TE (2017) Review of pediatric pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Front Pediatr 5:155","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"4314_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-016-5514-7","volume":"24","author":"RW Randle","year":"2017","unstructured":"Randle RW, Balentine CJ, Pitt SC, Schneider DF, Sippel RS (2017) Selective versus non-selective \u03b1-blockade prior to laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma. Ann Surg Oncol 24:244\u2013250","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"4314_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2017.00138","volume":"5","author":"S Al Khodor","year":"2017","unstructured":"Al Khodor S, Reichert B, Shatat IF (2017) The microbiome and blood pressure: can microbes regulate our blood pressure? Front Pediatr 5:138","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00467-019-04314-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00467-019-04314-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00467-019-04314-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]],"date-time":"2022-10-03T06:46:52Z","timestamp":1664779612000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00467-019-04314-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]]},"references-count":141,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["4314"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00467-019-04314-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0931-041X","1432-198X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0931-041X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-198X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 May 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 July 2019","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 July 2019","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 November 2019","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}