{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T17:45:48Z","timestamp":1791913548382,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629936000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Nephrol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-021-05215-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T23:11:18Z","timestamp":1630019478000},"page":"625-631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Environmental exposure to lead, mercury, and cadmium is not associated with abnormal kidney function in Korean adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Sang Hyun","family":"Joo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumin","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3237-3173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myung Hyun","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyo Sun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"5215_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-015-3222-3","volume":"31","author":"DK Weidemann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Weidemann DK, Weaver VM, Fadrowski JJ (2016) Toxic environmental exposures and kidney health in children. Pediatr Nephrol 31:2043\u20132054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00467-015-3222-3","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"5215_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1159\/000083981","volume":"99","author":"O Barbier","year":"2005","unstructured":"Barbier O, Jacquillet G, Tauc M, Cougnon M, Poujeol P (2005) Effect of heavy metals on, and handling by, the kidney. Nephron Physiol 99:105\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000083981","journal-title":"Nephron Physiol"},{"key":"5215_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199207163270303","volume":"327","author":"JA Staessen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Staessen JA, Lauwerys RR, Buchet J-P, Bulpitt CJ, Rondia D, Vanrenterghem Y, Amery A (1992) Impairment of renal function with increasing blood lead concentrations in the general population. N Engl J Med 327:151\u2013156","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"5215_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2009.03.007","volume":"238","author":"JR Edwards","year":"2009","unstructured":"Edwards JR, Prozialeck WC (2009) Cadmium, diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 238:289\u2013293","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"5215_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07571009","volume":"5","author":"SJ Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li SJ, Zhang SH, Chen HP, Zeng CH, Zheng CX, Li LS, Liu ZH (2010) Mercury-induced membranous nephropathy: clinical and pathological features. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5:439\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.07571009","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"5215_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108s113","volume":"108","author":"EM Faustman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Faustman EM, Silbernagel SM, Fenske RA, Burbacher TM, Ponce RA (2000) Mechanisms underlying children\u2019s susceptibility to environmental toxicants. Environ Health Perspect 108(suppl 1):13\u201321","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"5215_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108355","volume":"108","author":"M Golub","year":"2000","unstructured":"Golub M (2000) Adolescent health and the environment. Environ Health Perspect 108:355\u2013362","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"5215_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/10937400601034563","volume":"10","author":"DT Wigle","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wigle DT, Arbuckle TE, Walker M, Wade MG, Liu S, Daniel K (2007) Environmental hazards: evidence for effects on child health. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 10:3\u201339","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev"},{"key":"5215_CR9","first-page":"175","volume":"17","author":"PJ Landrigan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Landrigan PJ (2004) Children as a vulnerable population. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 17:175\u2013178","journal-title":"Int J Occup Med Environ Health"},{"key":"5215_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.7632","volume":"179","author":"A Leiba","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leiba A, Fishman B, Twig G, Gilad D, Derazne E, Shamiss A, Shohat T, Ron O, Grossman E (2019) Association of adolescent hypertension with future end-stage renal disease. JAMA Intern Med 179:517\u2013523","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"5215_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt228","volume":"43","author":"S Kweon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kweon S, Kim Y, Jang M-j, Kim Y, Kim K, Choi S, Chun C, Khang Y-H, Oh K (2014) Data resource profile: the Korea national health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES). Int J Epidemiol 43:69\u201377","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"5215_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2018.61.5.135","volume":"61","author":"JH Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim JH, Yun S, Hwang S-s, Shim JO, Chae HW, Lee YJ, Lee JH, Kim SC, Lim D, Yang SW (2018) The 2017 Korean National Growth Charts for children and adolescents: development, improvement, and prospects. Korean J Pediatr 61:135","journal-title":"Korean J Pediatr"},{"key":"5215_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.4070\/kcj.2019.0075","volume":"49","author":"SH Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim SH, Park Y, Song Y-H, An HS, Shin JI, Oh J-H, Lee JW, Kim SH, Kim HS, Shin H-J (2019) Blood pressure reference values for normal weight Korean children and adolescents: data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1998\u20132016: the Korean Working Group of Pediatric Hypertension. Korean Circ J 49:1167\u20131180","journal-title":"Korean Circ J"},{"key":"5215_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2008030287","volume":"20","author":"GJ Schwartz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schwartz GJ, Munoz A, Schneider MF, Mak RH, Kaskel F, Warady BA, Furth SL (2009) New equations to estimate GFR in children with CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 20:629\u2013637. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.2008030287","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"5215_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03520040046039","volume":"272","author":"JL Pirkle","year":"1994","unstructured":"Pirkle JL, Brody DJ, Gunter EW, Kramer RA, Paschal DC, Flegal KM, Matte TD (1994) The decline in blood lead levels in the United States: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). JAMA 272:284\u2013291","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"5215_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111460","volume":"208","author":"L He","year":"2020","unstructured":"He L, Liu F, Zhao J, Liu Q, Cui L, Yu Y-L, Fan Y, Li B, Li Y-F (2020) Temporal trends of urinary mercury in Chinese people from 1970s to 2010s: a review. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 208:111460","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"5215_CR17","unstructured":"Environmetal Protection Agency (2000) Cadmium compounds.\u00a0https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sites\/production\/files\/2016-09\/documents\/cadmium-compounds.pdf.\u00a0Accessed 2 Jan 2021"},{"key":"5215_CR18","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2003) Glossary of metals.\u00a0https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nceh\/clusters\/fallon\/Glossary-Metals.pdf.\u00a0Accessed 2 Jan 2021"},{"key":"5215_CR19","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2021) Blood lead levels in children.\u00a0https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nceh\/lead\/prevention\/blood-lead-levels.htm.\u00a0Accessed 17 Mar 2021"},{"key":"5215_CR20","unstructured":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration (2004) Requirements for medical monitoring.\u00a0https:\/\/www.osha.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/osha3136.pdf.\u00a0Accessed 10 Mar 2021"},{"key":"5215_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2010.03.005","volume":"60","author":"T Hosono","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hosono T, Su C-C, Siringan F, Amano A, Onodera S (2010) Effects of environmental regulations on heavy metal pollution decline in core sediments from Manila Bay. Mar Pollut Bull 60:780\u2013785","journal-title":"Mar Pollut Bull"},{"key":"5215_CR22","unstructured":"Von Schirnding Y (1999) The impact of lead poisoning on the workforce and society. Proceedings of the International Conference on Lead Poisoning, Bangalore, India"},{"key":"5215_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.11.032","volume":"198","author":"SA Counter","year":"2004","unstructured":"Counter SA, Buchanan LH (2004) Mercury exposure in children: a review. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 198:209\u2013230","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"5215_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-010-9343-z","volume":"23","author":"TS Nawrot","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nawrot TS, Staessen JA, Roels HA, Munters E, Cuypers A, Richart T, Ruttens A, Smeets K, Clijsters H, Vangronsveld J (2010) Cadmium exposure in the population: from health risks to strategies of prevention. Biometals 23:769\u2013782","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"5215_CR25","first-page":"CR112","volume":"10","author":"WI Mortada","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mortada WI, Sobh MA, El-Defrawy MM (2004) The exposure to cadmium, lead and mercury from smoking and its impact on renal integrity. Med Sci Monit 10:CR112\u2013CR116","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"5215_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205164","volume":"121","author":"JJ Fadrowski","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fadrowski JJ, Abraham AG, Navas-Acien A, Guallar E, Weaver VM, Furth SL (2013) Blood lead level and measured glomerular filtration rate in children with chronic kidney disease. Environ Health Perspect 121:965\u2013970","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"5215_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233710373085","volume":"26","author":"DA Khan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Khan DA, Qayyum S, Saleem S, Ansari WM, Khan FA (2010) Lead exposure and its adverse health effects among occupational worker\u2019s children. Toxicol Ind Health 26:497\u2013504","journal-title":"Toxicol Ind Health"},{"key":"5215_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670050441","volume":"12","author":"M Loghman-Adham","year":"1998","unstructured":"Loghman-Adham M (1998) Aminoaciduria and glycosuria following severe childhood lead poisoning. Pediatr Nephrol 12:218\u2013221","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"5215_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahn J, Kim N-S, Lee B-K, Park J, Kim YJ (2018) Association of blood pressure with blood lead and cadmium levels in Korean adolescents: analysis of data from the 2010\u20132016 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Korean Med Sci 33(44):e278","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2018.33.e278"},{"key":"5215_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.104993","volume":"131","author":"AP Sanders","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sanders AP, Mazzella MJ, Malin AJ, Hair GM, Busgang SA, Saland JM, Curtin PJ (2019) Combined exposure to lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic and kidney health in adolescents age 12\u201319 in NHANES 2009\u20132014. Environ Int 131:104993","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"5215_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13496","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3238-4","volume":"21","author":"P Poursafa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Poursafa P, Ataee E, Motlagh ME, Ardalan G, Tajadini MH, Yazdi M, Kelishadi R (2014) Association of serum lead and mercury level with cardiometabolic risk factors and liver enzymes in a nationally representative sample of adolescents: the CASPIAN-III study. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 21:13496\u201313502","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"5215_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8202","volume":"114","author":"C de Burbure","year":"2006","unstructured":"de Burbure C, Buchet J-P, Leroyer A, Nisse C, Haguenoer J-M, Mutti A, Smerhovsk\u00fd Z, Cikrt M, Trzcinka-Ochocka M, Razniewska G (2006) Renal and neurologic effects of cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic in children: evidence of early effects and multiple interactions at environmental exposure levels. Environ Health Perspect 114:584\u2013590","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"5215_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.417","volume":"170","author":"JJ Fadrowski","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fadrowski JJ, Navas-Acien A, Tellez-Plaza M, Guallar E, Weaver VM, Furth SL (2010) Blood lead level and kidney function in US adolescents: the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Intern Med 170:75\u201382","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"5215_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1097\/PAT.0b013e328359cfe7","volume":"44","author":"IH Chan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chan IH, Kong AP, Leung TF, Tsui TK, Cheung RC, Osaki R, Ho CS, Wong GW, Wong CK, Lam CW (2012) Cadmium and lead in Hong Kong school children. Pathology 44:626\u2013631","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"5215_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(00)00848-2","volume":"273","author":"E Hossny","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hossny E, Mokhtar G, El-Awady M, Ali I, Morsy M, Dawood A (2001) Environmental exposure of the pediatric age groups in Cairo City and its suburbs to cadmium pollution. Sci Total Environ 273:135\u2013146","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"5215_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.10.017","volume":"136","author":"W Swaddiwudhipong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Swaddiwudhipong W, Mahasakpan P, Jeekeeree W, Funkhiew T, Sanjum R, Apiwatpaiboon T, Phopueng I (2015) Renal and blood pressure effects from environmental cadmium exposure in Thai children. Environ Res 136:82\u201387","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"5215_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.04.013","volume":"132","author":"VM Weaver","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weaver VM, Vargas GG, Silbergeld EK, Rothenberg SJ, Fadrowski JJ, Rubio-Andrade M, Parsons PJ, Steuerwald AJ, Navas-Acien A, Guallar E (2014) Impact of urine concentration adjustment method on associations between urine metals and estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) in adolescents. Environ Res 132:226\u2013232","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"5215_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108958","volume":"182","author":"F Castiello","year":"2020","unstructured":"Castiello F, Olmedo P, Gil F, Molina M, Mundo A, Romero RR, Ru\u00edz C, G\u00f3mez-Vida J, Vela-Soria F, Freire C (2020) Association of urinary metal concentrations with blood pressure and serum hormones in Spanish male adolescents. Environ Res 182:108958","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"5215_CR39","unstructured":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2012) Public health statement for cadmium.\u00a0https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/phs\/phs.asp?id=46&tid=15.\u00a0Accessed 8 Jan 2021"},{"key":"5215_CR40","unstructured":"J\u00e4rup L, Berglund M, Elinder CG, Nordberg G, Vanter M (1998) Health effects of cadmium exposure\u2013a review of the literature and a risk estimate. Scand J Work Environ Health 24(Suppl. 1):40\u201364"},{"key":"5215_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2017.02.007","volume":"320","author":"M Akerstrom","year":"2017","unstructured":"Akerstrom M, Barregard L, Lundh T, Sallsten G (2017) Relationship between mercury in kidney, blood, and urine in environmentally exposed individuals, and implications for biomonitoring. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 320:17\u201325","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"5215_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.11.033","volume":"409","author":"F Gil","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gil F, Hern\u00e1ndez AF, M\u00e1rquez C, Femia P, Olmedo P, L\u00f3pez-Guarnido O, Pla A (2011) Biomonitorization of cadmium, chromium, manganese, nickel and lead in whole blood, urine, axillary hair and saliva in an occupationally exposed population. Sci Total Environ 409:1172\u20131180","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"5215_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-010-1598-7","volume":"25","author":"A Staples","year":"2010","unstructured":"Staples A, LeBlond R, Watkins S, Wong C, Brandt J (2010) Validation of the revised Schwartz estimating equation in a predominantly non-CKD population. Pediatr Nephrol 25:2321\u20132326","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"5215_CR44","first-page":"249","volume":"32","author":"H Pottel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pottel H (2017) Measuring and estimating glomerular filtration rate in children. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 32:249\u2013263","journal-title":"Adv Chronic Kidney Dis"},{"key":"5215_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001979","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001979","volume":"13","author":"L Selistre","year":"2016","unstructured":"Selistre L, Rabilloud M, Cochat P, de Souza V, Iwaz J, Lemoine S, Beyerle F, Poli-de-Figueiredo CE, Dubourg L (2016) Comparison of the Schwartz and CKD-EPI equations for estimating glomerular filtration rate in children, adolescents, and adults: a retrospective cross-sectional study. PLoS Med 13:e1001979","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"5215_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/kisup.2012.73","volume":"3","author":"A Levin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Levin A, Stevens PE, Bilous RW, Coresh J, De Francisco AL, De Jong PE, Griffith KE, Hemmelgarn BR, Iseki K, Lamb E (2013) Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl 3:1\u2013150","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00467-021-05215-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00467-021-05215-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00467-021-05215-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]],"date-time":"2022-03-14T15:26:30Z","timestamp":1647271590000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00467-021-05215-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["5215"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00467-021-05215-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0931-041X","1432-198X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0931-041X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-198X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 August 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea (IRB No. 2020\u201309-032).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants or their parents.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}