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It addressed the screening and management practices of pediatric nephrology units for recognizing and treating RTX-associated HGG and its morbidity and mortality. Eighty-four centers which had treated an overall 1328 INS children with RTX responded.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The majority of centers administered several courses of RTX and continued concomitant immunosuppressive therapy. Sixty-five percent of centers routinely screened children for HGG prior to RTX infusion, 59% during, and 52% following RTX treatment. Forty-seven percent had observed HGG prior to RTX administration, 61% during and 47% &gt;9 months following treatment in 121, 210, and 128 subjects respectively. Thirty-three severe infections were reported among the cohort of 1328 RTX-treated subjects, of whom 3 children died. HGG had been recognized in 30\/33 (80%) of them.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>HGG in steroid-dependent\/frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome (SDNS\/FRNS) children is probably multifactorial and can be observed prior to RTX administration in children with SDNS\/FRNS. Persistent HGG lasting &gt;9 months from RTX infusion is not uncommon and may increase the risk of severe infections in this cohort. We advocate for the obligatory screening for HGG in children with SDNS\/FRNS prior to, during, and following RTX treatment. Further research is necessary to identify risk factors for developing both HGG and severe infections before recommendations are made for its optimal management.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-023-05913-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]],"date-time":"2023-04-04T12:19:23Z","timestamp":1680610763000},"page":"3035-3042","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Rituximab-associated hypogammaglobulinemia in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: results of an ESPN survey"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3354-5344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Zurowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1792-1776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Drozynska-Duklas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6423-0927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rezan","family":"Topaloglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4121-6698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonia","family":"Bouts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3957-1359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia","family":"Boyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2456-3006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohan","family":"Shenoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2448-1959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Vivarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"on behalf of ESPN Glomerulonephritis Working Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Alpay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Ariceta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Atm\u0131\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"U. 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Marina Vivarelli declared potential conflict of interests:- Grants \u2013 Alexion- Sponsored clinical trials \u2013 Chinook, Novartis, Bayer, Rche, Apellis, Travere, Alexion, Chemocentrix- Lectures \u2013 Travere, Alexion, WebMD- Consultancy fees \u2013 Novartis, Biocryst, Roche- Advisory board \u2013 Novartis2. Aleksandra Zurowska declared potential conflict of interests: lectures for Swixx BioPharma3. Mohan Shenoy declared potential conflict of interests: advisory board \u2013 Novartis4. Olivia Boyer declared potential conflict of interests: consultancy fees \u2013 Rocher5. Magdalena Drozynska-Duklas \u2013 no conflict of interests to disclose","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}