{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T13:39:30Z","timestamp":1793972370773,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692144000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ricerca Corrente"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ricerca Corrente"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100030993","name":"Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100030993","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Nephrol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The last decade has been characterized by exciting findings on eu- or hypoglycemic ketosis and ketoacidosis. This review emphasizes the\u00a0following five key points: 1. Since the traditional nitroprusside-glycine dipstick test for urinary ketones is often falsely negative, the blood determination of \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate, the predominant ketone body, is currently advised for a comprehensive assessment of ketone body status; 2. Fasting and infections predispose to relevant ketosis and ketoacidosis especially in newborns, infants, children 7\u00a0years or less of age, and pregnant, parturient, or lactating women; 3. Several forms of carbohydrate restriction (typically less than 20% of the daily caloric intake) are employed to induce ketosis. These ketogenic diets have achieved great interest as antiepileptic treatment, in the management of excessive body weight, diabetes mellitus, and in sport training; 4. Intermittent fasting is more and more popular because it might benefit against cardiovascular diseases, cancers, neurologic disorders, and aging; 5. Gliflozins, a new group of oral antidiabetics inhibiting the renal sodium-glucose transporter 2, are an emerging cause of eu- or hypoglycemic ketosis and ketoacidosis. In conclusion, the role of ketone bodies is increasingly recognized in several clinical conditions. In the context of acid\u2013base balance evaluation, it is advisable to routinely integrate both the assessment of lactic acid and \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-023-06115-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T15:01:43Z","timestamp":1692198103000},"page":"1033-1040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Eu- or hypoglycemic ketosis and ketoacidosis in children: a review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Martina","family":"Meoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastiano A. G.","family":"Lava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Bronz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Goeggel-Simonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo D.","family":"Simonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Alberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Agostoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4827-6973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario G.","family":"Bianchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Scoglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano A.","family":"Vismara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregorio P.","family":"Milani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"6115_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-020-01307-x","volume":"20","author":"BM Bonora","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bonora BM, Avogaro A, Fadini GP (2020) Euglycemic ketoacidosis. Curr Diab Rep 20:25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11892-020-01307-x","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"6115_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.1088","volume":"37","author":"AM Tucker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tucker AM, Johnson TN (2022) Acid-base disorders: a primer for clinicians. Nutr Clin Pract 37:980\u2013989. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ncp.1088","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Pract"},{"key":"6115_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02185-0","volume":"19","author":"H Kolb","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kolb H, Kempf K, R\u00f6hling M, Lenzen-Schulte M, Schloot NC, Martin S (2021) Ketone bodies: from enemy to friend and guardian angel. BMC Med 19:313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-021-02185-0","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"6115_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.1338.358","volume":"93","author":"J Dreschfeld","year":"1886","unstructured":"Dreschfeld J (1886) The Bradshawe lecture on diabetic coma. Br Med J 93:358\u2013363","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"6115_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1177\/096777200100900311","volume":"9","author":"A Minagar","year":"2001","unstructured":"Minagar A, Weiner WJ (2001) Adolf Kussmaul and his respiratory sign. J Med Biogr 9:181\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/096777200100900311","journal-title":"J Med Biogr"},{"key":"6115_CR6","first-page":"483","volume":"10","author":"OM Schloss","year":"1924","unstructured":"Schloss OM (1924) Non-diabetic ketosis in children. Bull N Y Acad Med 10:483\u2013495","journal-title":"Bull N Y Acad Med"},{"key":"6115_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(16)36653-6","volume":"24","author":"ES Dillon","year":"1940","unstructured":"Dillon ES, Dyer WW, Smelo LS (1940) Ketone acidosis in nondiabetic adults. Med Clin North Am 24:1813\u20131822","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"Suppl 8","key":"6115_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01821.x","volume":"49","author":"JW Wheless","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wheless JW (2008) History of the ketogenic diet. Epilepsia 49(Suppl 8):3\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01821.x","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"6115_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1981.155","volume":"20","author":"GF Cahill Jr","year":"1981","unstructured":"Cahill GF Jr (1981) Ketosis. Kidney Int 20:416\u2013425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ki.1981.155","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"6115_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(62)80049-3","volume":"60","author":"JB Sidbury Jr","year":"1962","unstructured":"Sidbury JB Jr, Dong BL (1962) Ketosis in infants and children. J Pediatr 60:294\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0022-3476(62)80049-3","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"6115_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1520-7560(199911\/12)15:6<412::aid-dmrr72>3.0.co;2-8","volume":"15","author":"L Laffel","year":"1999","unstructured":"Laffel L (1999) Ketone bodies: a review of physiology, pathophysiology and application of monitoring to diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 15:412\u2013426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(sici)1520-7560(199911\/12)15:6%3c412::aid-dmrr72%3e3.0.co;2-8","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"6115_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1958.72990300004010b","volume":"167","author":"MM Chertack","year":"1958","unstructured":"Chertack MM, Sherrick JC (1958) Evaluation of a nitroprusside dip test for ketone bodies. JAMA 167:1621\u20131624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.1958.72990300004010b","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"6115_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2023.03.002","volume":"107","author":"K Haq","year":"2023","unstructured":"Haq K, Patel DM (2023) Urinalysis: interpretation and clinical correlations. Med Clin North Am 107:659\u2013679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mcna.2023.03.002","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"6115_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12604","volume":"32","author":"S Misra","year":"2015","unstructured":"Misra S, Oliver NS (2015) Utility of ketone measurement in the prevention, diagnosis and management of diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabet Med 32:14\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dme.12604","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"6115_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2012.07.001","volume":"28","author":"MM Cartwright","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cartwright MM, Hajja W, Al-Khatib S, Hazeghazam M, Sreedhar D, Li RN, Wong-McKinstry E, Carlson RW (2012) Toxigenic and metabolic causes of ketosis and ketoacidotic syndromes. Crit Care Clin 28:601\u2013631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccc.2012.07.001","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"key":"6115_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-014-9704-9","volume":"37","author":"T Fukao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fukao T, Mitchell G, Sass JO, Hori T, Orii K, Aoyama Y (2014) Ketone body metabolism and its defects. J Inherit Metab Dis 37:541\u2013551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10545-014-9704-9","journal-title":"J Inherit Metab Dis"},{"key":"6115_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9091032","volume":"9","author":"V De Cosmi","year":"2017","unstructured":"De Cosmi V, Milani GP, Mazzocchi A, D\u2019Oria V, Silano M, Calderini E, Agostoni C (2017) The metabolic response to stress and infection in critically ill children: the opportunity of an individualized approach. Nutrients 9:1032. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu9091032","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"6115_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071816-064916","volume":"37","author":"JC Newman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Newman JC, Verdin E (2017) \u03b2-Hydroxybutyrate: a signaling metabolite. Annu Rev Nutr 37:51\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071816-064916","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"6115_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1126\/science.170.3961.990","volume":"170","author":"P Felig","year":"1970","unstructured":"Felig P, Lynch V (1970) Starvation in human pregnancy: hypoglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, and hyperketonemia. Science 170:990\u2013992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.170.3961.990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"6115_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2012.10.005","volume":"167","author":"CJ Frise","year":"2013","unstructured":"Frise CJ, Mackillop L, Joash K, Williamson C (2013) Starvation ketoacidosis in pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 167:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2012.10.005","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"6115_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1984.tb05889.x","volume":"91","author":"JG Dumoulin","year":"1984","unstructured":"Dumoulin JG, Foulkes JE (1984) Ketonuria during labour. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 91:97\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1984.tb05889.x","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"6115_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/15-097","volume":"20","author":"S Gleeson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gleeson S, Mulroy E, Clarke DE (2016) Lactation ketoacidosis: an unusual entity and a review of the literature. Perm J 20:71\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7812\/TPP\/15-097","journal-title":"Perm J"},{"key":"6115_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.14207","volume":"49","author":"O Azzam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Azzam O, Prentice D (2019) Lactation ketoacidosis: an easily missed diagnosis. Intern Med J 49:256\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imj.14207","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"6115_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2857","DOI":"10.1113\/JP273185","volume":"595","author":"M Evans","year":"2017","unstructured":"Evans M, Cogan KE, Egan B (2017) Metabolism of ketone bodies during exercise and training: physiological basis for exogenous supplementation. J Physiol 595:2857\u20132871. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/JP273185","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"6115_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.4140\/TCP.n.2017.388","volume":"32","author":"T Walczyk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Walczyk T, Wick JY (2017) The ketogenic diet: making a comeback. Consult Pharm 32:388\u2013396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4140\/TCP.n.2017.388","journal-title":"Consult Pharm"},{"key":"6115_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5S14","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-693X(22)00285-8","volume":"29","author":"M Kuchenbuch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kuchenbuch M, Chiron C, Milh M (2022) Overview of therapeutic options for epilepsy. Arch P\u00e9diatr 29:5S14-5S19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0929-693X(22)00285-8","journal-title":"Arch P\u00e9diatr"},{"key":"6115_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1159\/000515381","volume":"14","author":"G Muscogiuri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Muscogiuri G, El Ghoch M, Colao A, Hassapidou M, Yumuk V, Busetto L, Obesity Management Task Force of the European Association for the Study of Obesity (2021) European guidelines for obesity management in adults with a very low-calorie ketogenic diet: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Facts 14:222\u2013245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000515381","journal-title":"Obes Facts"},{"key":"6115_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.88a.20121","volume":"88","author":"LA Buehler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Buehler LA, Noe D, Knapp S, Isaacs D, Pantalone KM (2021) Ketogenic diets in the management of type 1 diabetes: safe or safety concern? Cleve Clin J Med 88:547\u2013555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3949\/ccjm.88a.20121","journal-title":"Cleve Clin J Med"},{"key":"6115_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-021-01399-z","volume":"21","author":"D Tinguely","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tinguely D, Gross J, Kosinski C (2021) Efficacy of ketogenic diets on type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Curr Diab Rep 21:32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11892-021-01399-z","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"6115_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000050","volume":"43","author":"A Paoli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Paoli A, Bianco A, Grimaldi KA (2015) The ketogenic diet and sport: a possible marriage? Exerc Sport Sci Rev 43:153\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/JES.0000000000000050","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"6115_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-020-09546-9","volume":"21","author":"P Trimboli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Trimboli P, Castellana M, Bellido D, Casanueva FF (2020) Confusion in the nomenclature of ketogenic diets blurs evidence. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 21:1\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11154-020-09546-9","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"6115_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2014-063","volume":"25","author":"LH Opie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Opie LH (2014) Lifestyle and diet. Cardiovasc J Afr 25:298\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5830\/CVJA-2014-063","journal-title":"Cardiovasc J Afr"},{"key":"6115_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01041","volume":"13","author":"AM Poff","year":"2019","unstructured":"Poff AM, Rho JM, D\u2019Agostino DP (2019) Ketone administration for seizure disorders: history and rationale for ketone esters and metabolic alternatives. Front Neurosci 13:1041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2019.01041","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"6115_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01756-2","volume":"52","author":"M Evans","year":"2022","unstructured":"Evans M, McClure TS, Koutnik AP, Egan B (2022) Exogenous ketone supplements in athletic contexts: past, present, and future. Sports Med 52(Suppl 1):25\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-022-01756-2","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"6115_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1905136","volume":"381","author":"R de Cabo","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Cabo R, Mattson MP (2019) Effects of intermittent fasting on health, aging, and disease. N Engl J Med 381:2541\u20132551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1905136","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"6115_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.04.010","volume":"27","author":"EF Sutton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sutton EF, Beyl R, Early KS, Cefalu WT, Ravussin E, Peterson CM (2018) Early time-restricted feeding improves insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and oxidative stress even without weight loss in men with prediabetes. Cell Metab 27:1212-1221.e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.04.010","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"6115_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2022.2138341","volume":"15","author":"R Frazier","year":"2022","unstructured":"Frazier R, Venkatesan T (2022) Current understanding of the etiology of cyclic vomiting syndrome and therapeutic strategies in its management. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 15:1305\u20131316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17512433.2022.2138341","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"6115_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12749","volume":"56","author":"AA Gelfand","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gelfand AA, Gallagher RC (2016) Cyclic vomiting syndrome versus inborn errors of metabolism: a review with clinical recommendations. Headache 56:215\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/head.12749","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"6115_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2017.11.003","volume":"65","author":"LP Schillaci","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schillaci LP, DeBrosse SD, McCandless SE (2018) Inborn errors of metabolism with acidosis: organic acidemias and defects of pyruvate and ketone body metabolism. Pediatr Clin North Am 65:209\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcl.2017.11.003","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"6115_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-04820-9","volume":"182","author":"L Pigeaud","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pigeaud L, de Veld L, van der Lely N (2023) Elevated creatinine kinase levels amongst Dutch adolescents with acute alcohol intoxication. Eur J Pediatr 182:1371\u20131375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-023-04820-9","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"6115_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/s0025-7125(16)31239-1","volume":"68","author":"HE Williams","year":"1984","unstructured":"Williams HE (1984) Alcoholic hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis. Med Clin North Am 68:33\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0025-7125(16)31239-1","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"6115_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-4679(87)90146-6","volume":"5","author":"K Duffens","year":"1987","unstructured":"Duffens K, Marx JA (1987) Alcoholic ketoacidosis - a review. J Emerg Med 5:399\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0736-4679(87)90146-6","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"6115_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1704724","volume":"377","author":"BF Palmer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Palmer BF, Clegg DJ (2017) Electrolyte disturbances in patients with chronic alcohol-use disorder. N Engl J Med 377:1368\u20131377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1704724","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"6115_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1089\/1050725041692945","volume":"14","author":"ET Wood","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wood ET, Kinlaw WB (2022) Nondiabetic ketoacidosis caused by severe hyperthyroidism. Thyroid 14:628\u2013630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/1050725041692945","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"6115_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m4147","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m4147","volume":"371","author":"G Musso","year":"2020","unstructured":"Musso G, Saba F, Cassader M, Gambino R (2020) Diabetic ketoacidosis with SGLT2 inhibitors. BMJ 371:m4147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.m4147","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"6115_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.4067\/S0370-41062017000300015","volume":"88","author":"AM Pereyra","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pereyra AM, Ram\u00edrez C, Rom\u00e1n R (2017) Cetosis normoglic\u00e9mica en adolescente con diabetes tipo 1 recibiendo insulina y dapaglifozina: Reporte de un caso [Euglycemic ketosis in an adolescent with type 1 diabetes on insulin and dapaglifozin: case report]. Rev Chil Pediatr 88:404\u2013410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4067\/S0370-41062017000300015","journal-title":"Rev Chil Pediatr"},{"key":"6115_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12230","volume":"16","author":"AA Gibson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gibson AA, Seimon RV, Lee CM, Ayre J, Franklin J, Markovic TP, Caterson ID, Sainsbury A (2015) Do ketogenic diets really suppress appetite? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 16:64\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/obr.12230","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"6115_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2021.03.007","volume":"42","author":"C Wilhelm","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wilhelm C, Surendar J, Karagiannis F (2021) Enemy or ally? Fasting as an essential regulator of immune responses. Trends Immunol 42:389\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.it.2021.03.007","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"6115_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-019-09518-8","volume":"20","author":"A Cabrera-Mulero","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cabrera-Mulero A, Tinahones A, Bandera B, Moreno-Indias I, Mac\u00edas-Gonz\u00e1lez M, Tinahones FJ (2019) Keto microbiota: a powerful contributor to host disease recovery. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 20:415\u2013425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11154-019-09518-8","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"6115_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000605","volume":"36","author":"N Friedli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Friedli N, Odermatt J, Reber E, Schuetz P, Stanga Z (2020) Refeeding syndrome: update and clinical advice for prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 36:136\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000605","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"6115_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-022-05668-1","volume":"38","author":"B B\u00fcy\u00fckkarag\u00f6z","year":"2023","unstructured":"B\u00fcy\u00fckkarag\u00f6z B, Bakkalo\u011flu SA (2023) Serum osmolality and hyperosmolar states. Pediatr Nephrol 38:1013\u20131025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00467-022-05668-1","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"6115_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-015-0154-2","volume":"41","author":"M Santi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Santi M, Lava SA, Camozzi P, Giannini O, Milani GP, Simonetti GD, Fossali EF, Bianchetti MG, Far\u00e9 PB (2015) The great fluid debate: saline or so-called \u201cbalanced\u201d salt solutions? Ital J Pediatr 41:47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13052-015-0154-2","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"6115_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051449","volume":"12","author":"A Ricciuti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ricciuti A, Milani GP, Tarantino S, Ghilardi R, Lava SAG, Alberzoni M, Bianchetti MG, Agostoni C (2020) Maintenance fluid therapy with saline, dextrose-supplemented saline or lactated Ringer in childhood: short-term metabolic effects. Nutrients 12:1449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12051449","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"6115_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-017-3006-9","volume":"177","author":"BC Canziani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Canziani BC, Uestuener P, Fossali EF, Lava SAG, Bianchetti MG, Agostoni C, Milani GP (2018) Clinical practice: nausea and vomiting in acute gastroenteritis: physiopathology and management. Eur J Pediatr 177:1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-017-3006-9","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00467-023-06115-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00467-023-06115-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00467-023-06115-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T10:03:47Z","timestamp":1709028227000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00467-023-06115-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["6115"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00467-023-06115-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0931-041X","1432-198X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0931-041X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-198X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 June 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 July 2023","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 July 2023","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 August 2023","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The manuscript is a review. Therefore, no ethics approval is needed.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}