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Children born very preterm are at particular risk due to interrupted nephrogenesis. However, early detection remains challenging, and a uniform monitoring strategy is lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This cross-sectional study involved school-aged (6\u201316\u00a0years) children born at\u2009\u2264\u200932\u00a0weeks of gestation, with no history of small for gestational age (SGA). They were further stratified by birth weight (BW): low, very low, and extremely low (LBW, VLBW, ELBW) categories. Age- and sex-matched full-term children served as controls. Anthropometry, blood pressure (BP), and kidney function were assessed, using traditional (urea; creatinine, Cr; \u03b22-microglobulin, B2M; albuminuria) and modern biomarkers (cystatin C, CysC; symmetric dimethylarginine, SDMA). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) based on Cr and Cr-CysC was also calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using R (version 4.3.2), with significance set at\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eighty-one children were included: 43 preterm (77% from multiple pregnancies) and 38 controls. Compared to controls, preterm participants had higher serum cystatin C (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and lower Cr-CysC-eGFR (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). They also had higher serum urea (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002), but all individual values were within the normal range. No differences were observed in BP, serum Cr, Cr-eGFR, or albuminuria. ELBW children had lower body mass index (BMI) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.048) and higher B2M (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.046) than LBW peers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>School-aged children born very preterm may already exhibit subtle signs of kidney dysfunction, with ELBW children showing greater metabolic and renal strain. Cystatin C and Cr-CysC-eGFR appear promising biomarkers for early detection of kidney alterations in this high-risk population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-025-06876-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T07:05:21Z","timestamp":1751871921000},"page":"423-436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Early detection of kidney impairment in school-aged children born very preterm: a parallel use of traditional and modern biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5500-7929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vaia","family":"Dokousli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8348-8520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Gkiourtzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5450-8313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Stoimeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7108-7663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Despoina","family":"Samourkasidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2718-7480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kali","family":"Makedou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0376-1011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Tsakalidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4350-9061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Koliakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0085-7384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Despoina","family":"Tramma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"6876_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363097","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1363097","volume":"11","author":"S Deffrennes","year":"2024","unstructured":"Deffrennes S, Rayyan M, Fidlers T, Van Den Heuvel L, Levtchenko E, Arcolino FO (2024) Impact of preterm birth on kidney health and development. 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