{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T17:25:10Z","timestamp":1788888310229,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758153600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fayoum University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Nephrol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) is a significant kidney disorder in pediatrics. Early diagnosis of minimal change disease (MCD) is difficult in children with nephrotic syndrome (NS). Angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4), found on the surface of podocytes, has been linked to nephrotic syndrome (NS) and plays a role in triggering proteinuria. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) functions as a crucial modulator of the innate immune system and partly counteracts glucocorticoid-induced immune system inhibition. This study aimed to assess the role of ANGPTL4 and MIF as biomarkers in steroid responsiveness of INS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional comparative study involved 70 children with NS and 40 healthy children as a control group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Urinary MIF\/creatinine levels were significantly elevated in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) relative to in steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) and controls (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). However, ANGPTL4 levels were significantly elevated in the SSNS group relative to the SRNS and control groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Regarding plasma MIF and urinary MIF\/creatinine levels, there were no significant differences between MCD and FSGS, whereas ANGPTL4 levels were significantly elevated in MCD relative to FSGS (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Elevated levels of serum and urinary MIF levels were consistent with SRNS. Furthermore, ANGPTL4 was found to be highly upregulated in SSNS, unlike SRNS, which serves as a potential marker to distinguish between these two diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-025-06966-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T21:32:56Z","timestamp":1758231176000},"page":"391-398","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Macrophage migration inhibitory factor and angiopoietin-like protein 4 as markers for steroid response in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Hanaa","family":"Al Dash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heba Mostafa","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shireen Ragab","family":"Shihatah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noha Khalifa","family":"Abdelghaffar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona Gamal","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherin Khamis","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"6966_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2010.02.018","volume":"120","author":"PJ Barnes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barnes PJ (2010) Mechanisms and resistance in glucocorticoid control of inflammation. 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We affirm that all procedures were conducted in compliance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent revisions, or comparable ethical guidelines. Prior to inclusion in the trial, patients' legal guardians provided informed consent in accordance with institutionally approved human subject research guidelines.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}