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HIV can directly affect the kidneys, leading to HIV-associated nephropathy in children, a condition characterized by proteinuria, elevated serum creatinine, and kidney enlargement. HIV-associated nephropathy is a serious complication that may progress to kidney failure and death.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To estimate the prevalence of HIV-associated nephropathy in children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched PubMed, Embase, LILACS, SciELO, and Web of Science for relevant studies. Searches used the terms \u201cAIDS-associated nephropathy\u201d AND \u201cchild.\u201d<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 1,181 records were identified, of which 10 studies (n\u2009=\u20091,136 children living with HIV) met inclusion criteria. Most included studies were conducted before widespread ART availability and used proteinuria as a proxy for HIV-associated nephropathy. The pooled prevalence of HIV-associated nephropathy was 17% (95% CI, 8%\u201331%; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200993%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Subgroup analysis showed marked geographic variation, with a prevalence of 29% (95% CI, 22%\u201338%) in Africa and 8% (95% CI, 3%\u201320%) in North America. By sex, 59% (95% CI, 49%\u201369%) of male children developed HIV-associated nephropathy compared with 41% (95% CI, 31%\u201351%) of female children. Boys were significantly more likely to develop HIV-associated nephropathy (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.02). The mortality rate among affected children was 53% (95% CI, 40%\u201356%). Key risk factors included lack of antiretroviral therapy and the presence of AIDS.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIV-associated nephropathy was historically a common and life-threatening complication among children living with HIV. However, the available evidence is largely based on studies conducted more than a decade ago and often relied on proteinuria rather than biopsy-confirmed diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-026-07167-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T12:01:46Z","timestamp":1770379306000},"page":"2841-2848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of HIV-associated nephropathy in children: a systematic review with meta-analysis of studies published between 2004 and 2019"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9456-6563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo Costa","family":"Gar\u00e7\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4983-464X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Gabriel Santana","family":"Trindade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2446-2389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan Soares","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"7167_CR1","unstructured":"Cachay ER (2024) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. 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Ethics approval, consent to participate, and a clinical trial registration number are not required, as we analyzed data that were already published and publicly available. Therefore, these statements are \u201cnot applicable.\u201d","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}