{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T09:13:58Z","timestamp":1783329238313,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022298","name":"Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TCCF110195A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCCF110195A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022298","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Nephrol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pediatric urolithiasis is increasingly recognized not merely as a localized urinary disorder but as part of a systemic metabolic\u2013inflammatory process that may predispose to chronic kidney and cardiovascular disease. However, population-based data in Asian pediatric populations with urolithiasis remain limited. This nationwide study investigated the epidemiologic trends, metabolic risk factors, and systemic outcomes associated with pediatric urolithiasis in Taiwan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using the National Health Insurance Research Database, children newly diagnosed with urolithiasis between January 2009 and December 2019 were identified and matched with controls according to age, sex, and index year. Comorbidities and medication exposures were evaluated, and outcomes including renal, cardiovascular, and metabolic complications were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 10,113 affected children and 101,130 matched controls, the annual incidence of pediatric urolithiasis declined from 23.85 to 16.22 per 100,000 persons. A male predominance and peak incidence during adolescence were noted. Major associated factors included hypercalciuria (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 31.54, with wide confidence intervals), congenital urinary anomalies (aHR 22.58), urinary tract infection (aHR 8.28), and exposure to diuretics or antibiotics. Compared with controls, children with urolithiasis had significantly higher risks of chronic kidney disease (aHR 5.92), hypertension (aHR 1.92), ischemic heart disease (aHR 1.93), and dyslipidemia (aHR 1.83).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite a modest decline in incidence, pediatric urolithiasis remains a clinically important condition that is associated with an increased risk of long-term renal and cardiovascular morbidity. These findings highlight the importance of early metabolic evaluation, careful medication stewardship, and continued nephrology follow-up to mitigate chronic sequelae.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-026-07208-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T08:43:49Z","timestamp":1773045829000},"page":"2521-2533","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nationwide cohort analysis of pediatric urolithiasis: long-term metabolic, renal, and cardiovascular outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Hsiao-Hui","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan-Ting","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jen-Hung","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Je-Wen","family":"Liou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao-Jen","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0910-1185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming-Chun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"7208_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11195512","volume":"11","author":"A Gambaro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gambaro A, Lombardi G, Caletti C et al (2022) Nephrolithiasis: a red flag for cardiovascular risk. J Clin Med 11:5512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11195512","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"7208_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1432275","volume":"11","author":"K Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang K, Peng Z, Zha C et al (2024) Inflammatory factors and the risk of urolithiasis: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Front Med 11:1432275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2024.1432275","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"7208_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000007898","volume":"96","author":"JP Peng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peng JP, Zheng H (2017) Kidney stones may increase the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: a PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis. Med 96:e7898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/md.0000000000007898","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"7208_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-040034","volume":"10","author":"SY Kim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim SY, Bang WJ, Min C, Choi HG (2010) Association of nephrolithiasis with the risk of cardiovascular diseases: a longitudinal follow-up study using a national health screening cohort. BMJ Open 10:e040034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-040034","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"7208_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2012.4","volume":"9","author":"F Ba\u015ftu\u011f","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ba\u015ftu\u011f F, D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel R (2012) Pediatric urolithiasis: causative factors, diagnosis and medical management. Nat Rev Urol 9:138\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrurol.2012.4","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"7208_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2016.12.021","volume":"13","author":"P Marzuillo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marzuillo P, Guarino S, Apicella A, La Manna A, Polito C (2017) Why we need a higher suspicion index of urolithiasis in children. J Pediatr Urol 13:164\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpurol.2016.12.021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"key":"7208_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfac309","volume":"38","author":"G Gambaro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gambaro G, Tzelves L, Skolarikos A et al (2023) The new guidelines of the European association of urology on urolithiasis: the urology\u2013nephrology intersection. Nephrol Dial Transplant 38:258\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfac309","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"7208_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.09.011","volume":"34","author":"L Muschialli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Muschialli L, Mannath A, Moochhala SH, Shroff R, Ferraro PM (2024) Epidemiological and biological associations between cardiovascular disease and kidney stone formation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 34:559\u2013568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.09.011","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"7208_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2014.09.008","volume":"85","author":"YH Pong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pong YH, Huang WY, Lu YC et al (2015) Temporal trend of newly diagnosed incidence, medical utilization, and costs for pediatric urolithiasis, 1998\u20132007: a nationwide population-based study in Taiwan. Urology 85:216\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.urology.2014.09.008","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"7208_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.12.105","volume":"189","author":"WY Huang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Huang WY, Chen YF, Carter S, Chang HC, Lan CF, Huang KH (2013) Epidemiology of upper urinary tract stone disease in a Taiwanese population: a nationwide, population-based study. J Urol 189:2158\u20132163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.juro.2012.12.105","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"7208_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-67250-z","volume":"14","author":"CY Chin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chin CY, Huang WT, Wang JH, Liou JW, Hsu HJ, Chen MC (2024) Overview of clinical status, treatment, and long-term outcomes of pediatric autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease: a nationwide survey in Taiwan. Sci Rep 14:16280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-67250-z","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"7208_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-1939-z","volume":"20","author":"YC Hsiao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hsiao YC, Wang JH, Chang CL, Hsieh CJ, Chen MC (2020) Association between constipation and childhood nocturnal enuresis in Taiwan: a population-based matched case-control study. BMC Pediatr 20:35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-020-1939-z","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"7208_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.3390\/life12122130","volume":"12","author":"YE Chiou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chiou YE, Chung CH, Chien WC, Tsay PK, Kan HC, Weng WH (2022) A comparative study of stone re-treatment after lithotripsy. Life 12:2130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life12122130","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"7208_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.34763\/devperiodmed.20182202.201208","volume":"22","author":"K Jobs","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jobs K, Rakowska M, Paturej A (2018) Urolithiasis in the pediatric population \u2013 current opinion on epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation and treatment. Dev Period Med 22:201\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34763\/devperiodmed.20182202.201208","journal-title":"Dev Period Med"},{"key":"7208_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2019.02.001","volume":"46","author":"L Mayans","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mayans L (2019) Nephrolithiasis. Prim Care 46:203\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pop.2019.02.001","journal-title":"Prim Care"},{"key":"7208_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002659","volume":"95","author":"YL Tain","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tain YL, Luh H, Lin CY, Hsu CN (2016) Incidence and risks of congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract in newborns: a population-based case-control study in Taiwan. Medicine (Baltimore) 95:e2659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000002659","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"7208_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.615483","volume":"9","author":"YC Chang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chang YC, Hsieh WH, Huang SF, Hsiao H, Wang YW, Chu CH, Wen SH (2021) Sex-specific temporal trends in overweight and obesity among schoolchildren from 2009 to 2018: an age\u2013period\u2013cohort analysis. Front Pediatr 9:615483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2021.615483","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"7208_CR18","volume-title":"Nutrition and health survey in Taiwan (NAHSIT) 2017\u20132020","author":"Health Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Health Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan (2022) Nutrition and health survey in Taiwan (NAHSIT) 2017\u20132020. Health Promotion Administration, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"key":"7208_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hong YH, Park S, Shin M, Chung S, Jung J, Sul AR et al (2024) Changes in weight distribution and trends in obesity among children and adolescents in East Asia: insights from NCD-RisC data. PLoS One 19:e0310646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0310646","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0310646"},{"key":"7208_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2022.43.1.20210650","volume":"43","author":"JA Kari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kari JA, Shalaby MA, Qari FA, Albanna AS, Alhasan KA (2022) Childhood nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis caused by metabolic diseases and renal tubulopathy: a retrospective study from 2 tertiary centers. Saudi Med J 43:81\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15537\/smj.2022.43.1.20210650","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"7208_CR21","first-page":"e157","volume":"12","author":"I Gorbachinsky","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gorbachinsky I, Akpinar H, Assimos DG (2010) Metabolic syndrome and urologic diseases. Rev Urol 12:e157\u2013e180","journal-title":"Rev Urol"},{"key":"7208_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2013.09.022","volume":"191","author":"FCM Torricelli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Torricelli FCM, De SK, Gebreselassie S, Li I, Sarkissian C, Monga M (2014) Dyslipidemia and kidney stone risk. J Urol 191:667\u2013672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.juro.2013.09.022","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"7208_CR23","first-page":"16","volume":"74","author":"CA Wagner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wagner CA (2021) Etiopathogenic factors of urolithiasis. Arch Esp Urol 74:16\u201323","journal-title":"Arch Esp Urol"},{"key":"7208_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2012.01.036","volume":"79","author":"WY Huang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Huang WY, Chen YF, Chen SC, Lee YJ, Lan CF, Huang KH (2012) Pediatric urolithiasis in Taiwan: a nationwide study, 1997\u20132006. Urology 79:1355\u20131359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.urology.2012.01.036","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"7208_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2017.06.018","volume":"13","author":"M Huynh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huynh M, Clark R, Li J, Filler G, Dave S (2017) A case-control analysis investigating risk factors and outcomes for nephrocalcinosis and renal calculi in neonates. J Pediatr Urol 13:356.e1-356.e5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpurol.2017.06.018","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"key":"7208_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000033938","volume":"102","author":"A Abdulrhman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdulrhman A, Alsweed A, Alotaibi MR et al (2023) Urolithiasis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 13,339,065 individuals. Medicine 102:e33938. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/md.0000000000033938","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"7208_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0301545","volume":"19","author":"W Fu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fu W, Zhu B, Chen J, Jin X (2024) Risk relationship between inflammatory bowel disease and urolithiasis: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. PLoS One 19:e0301545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0301545","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"7208_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-017-0853-7","volume":"78","author":"M Daudon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Daudon M, Frochot V, Bazin D, Jungers P (2018) Drug-induced kidney stones and crystalline nephropathy: pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Drugs 78:163\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40265-017-0853-7","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"7208_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.14155","volume":"240","author":"M Bargagli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bargagli M, Anderegg MA, Fuster DG (2024) Effects of thiazides and new findings on kidney stones and dysglycemic side effects. Acta Physiol 240:e14155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apha.14155","journal-title":"Acta Physiol"},{"key":"7208_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/3558278","volume":"2021","author":"K El-Reshaid","year":"2021","unstructured":"El-Reshaid K, Al-Bader S, Sallam H (2021) Recurrent papillary necrosis and nephrocalcinosis induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for gouty arthritis associated with congenital chloride-losing diarrhea: a major risk for kidney loss. Case Rep Nephrol 2021:3558278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/3558278","journal-title":"Case Rep Nephrol"},{"key":"7208_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.14495","volume":"56","author":"N Cetin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cetin N, Gencler A, Kavaz Tufan A (2020) Risk factors for development of urinary tract infection in children with nephrolithiasis. J Paediatr Child Health 56:76\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jpc.14495","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"7208_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.10651110","volume":"6","author":"AD Rule","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rule AD, Krambeck AE, Lieske JC (2011) Chronic kidney disease in kidney stone formers. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6:2069\u20132075. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/cjn.10651110","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"7208_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-021-01295-x","volume":"50","author":"A \u00c7altik Yilmaz","year":"2022","unstructured":"\u00c7altik Yilmaz A, \u00dcnal N, \u00c7elebi Tayfur A, B\u00fcy\u00fckkarag\u00f6z B (2022) How important urolithiasis is under 2 years of age? Urolithiasis 50:159\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00240-021-01295-x","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"key":"7208_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-024-01621-z","volume":"52","author":"G Zeng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zeng G, Zhu W, Somani B et al (2024) International alliance of Urolithiasis (IAU) guidelines on the management of pediatric urolithiasis. Urolithiasis 52:124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00240-024-01621-z","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"key":"7208_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161223","volume":"11","author":"HJ Chung","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chung HJ, Lin ATL, Lin CC, Chen TJ, Chen KK (2016) Patients with urinary incontinence appear more likely to develop upper urinary tract stones: a nationwide, population-based study with 8-year follow-up. PLoS One 11:e0161223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0161223","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"7208_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2023.03.002","volume":"49","author":"M Noval Rivas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Noval Rivas M, Arditi M (2023) Kawasaki disease and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 49:647\u2013659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rdc.2023.03.002","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"7208_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.05.078","volume":"189","author":"SR Khan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Khan SR (2013) Reactive oxygen species as the molecular modulators of calcium oxalate kidney stone formation: evidence from clinical and experimental investigations. J Urol 189:803\u2013811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.juro.2012.05.078","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"7208_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1098725","volume":"13","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Zhao L, Zhou X, Meng X, Zhou X (2022) Role of inflammation, immunity, and oxidative stress in hypertension: new insights and potential therapeutic targets. Front Immunol 13:1098725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1098725","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"7208_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2024.13219","volume":"29","author":"FN Varra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Varra FN, Varras M, Varra VK, Theodosis Nobelos P (2024) Molecular and pathophysiological relationship between obesity and chronic inflammation in the manifestation of metabolic dysfunctions and their inflammation-mediating treatment options. Mol Med Rep 29:95. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/mmr.2024.13219","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"7208_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.12.048","volume":"67","author":"P Libby","year":"2016","unstructured":"Libby P, Nahrendorf M, Swirski FK (2016) Leukocytes link local and systemic inflammation in ischemic cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 67:1091\u20131103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.12.048","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"7208_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-019-0315-x","volume":"17","author":"L Adamo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adamo L, Rocha-Resende C, Prabhu SD, Mann DL (2020) Reappraising the role of inflammation in heart failure. Nat Rev Cardiol 17:269\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41569-019-0315-x","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"7208_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.34417","volume":"16","author":"SY Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim SY, Song CM, Bang W, Lim JS, Park B, Choi HG (2019) Nephrolithiasis predicts ischemic stroke: a longitudinal follow-up study using a national sample cohort. Int J Med Sci 16:1050\u20131056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/ijms.34417","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"7208_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59111895","volume":"59","author":"YC Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu YC, Hou CP, Weng SC (2023) Lifestyle and diet as risk factors for urinary stone formation: a study in a Taiwanese population. Medicina (Kaunas) 59:1895. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina59111895","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00467-026-07208-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00467-026-07208-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00467-026-07208-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T08:14:12Z","timestamp":1783325652000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00467-026-07208-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["7208"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00467-026-07208-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-8075378\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0931-041X","1432-198X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0931-041X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-198X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 February 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 March 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital (IRB111-023-B, March 28, 2022).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The need for informed consent was waived owing to the retrospective nature of the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent"}},{"value":"During the preparation of this work, the authors used ChatGPT (OpenAI) to assist in refining the English language and improving the clarity and logical flow of the manuscript. After using this tool, the author(s) thoroughly reviewed, revised, and verified all contents to ensure accuracy and originality, and take full responsibility for the final version of the manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}