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We characterized neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) across the spectrum of pediatric kidney disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective cohort of 75 children with measured GFR: 12 comparators with normal kidney function, 31 with non-dialysis CKD stages G2\u2013G5, and 32 kidney transplant recipients (KTx). Biomarkers were measured by ELISA at baseline and after 3.2\u00a0years. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses adjusted for age and group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      NSE correlated inversely with age (r\u2009= \u2212\u20090.46,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and did not differ between groups after age adjustment. NSE\u2013age slopes were comparable in comparators and CKD but flat in transplanted children, indicating loss of the developmental decline in this group. BDNF correlated positively with measured GFR (r\u2009=\u20090.31, p\u2009=\u20090.018) and was lower in CKD than in comparators, consistent with reduced neurotrophic reserve in pediatric uremia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Circulating NSE in childhood reflects developmental stage rather than CKD status. Group comparisons in pediatric biomarker studies require age adjustment. Transplantation alters the NSE\u2013age relationship beyond what kidney function explains. BDNF tracks kidney function in pediatric CKD. Age-stratified reference intervals are required before either marker can guide clinical decisions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-026-07437-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T17:26:44Z","timestamp":1782926804000},"page":"4199-4210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neuron-specific enolase and brain-derived neurotrophic factor as developmental neurovascular markers in chronic kidney disease and kidney transplantation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Leah","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8527-5594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camillo Tancredi","family":"Strizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ylva Tran\u00e6us","family":"Lindblad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Stenvinkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Barany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milan","family":"Chromek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Kublickiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"7437_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-019-04417-1","volume":"35","author":"LA Harshman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harshman LA, Hooper SR (2020) The brain in pediatric chronic kidney disease\u2013the intersection of cognition, neuroimaging, and clinical biomarkers. 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The research protocol was approved by the Regional Ethical Review Board in Stockholm, Sweden (approval number 2005\/977\u201331\/3).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from parents and\/or legal guardians of all participants prior to inclusion in the study. For children aged\u2009\u2265\u200915\u00a0years, written consent was also obtained. Participant information was pseudonymized in accordance with Swedish data protection regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors have reviewed and approved the final manuscript and consent to its publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to publish","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}