{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:51:52Z","timestamp":1791899512056,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]],"date-time":"2021-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617494400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]],"date-time":"2021-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Biometeorol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper describes a Cold Weather Ensemble Decision Aid (CoWEDA) that provides guidance for cold weather injury prevention, mission planning, and clothing selection. CoWEDA incorporates current science from the disciplines of physiology, meteorology, clothing, and computer modeling. The thermal performance of a cold weather ensemble is defined by endurance times, which are the time intervals from initial exposure until the safety limits are reached. These safety limits correspond to conservative temperature thresholds that provide a warning of the approaching onset of frostbite and\/or hypothermia. A validated six-cylinder thermoregulatory model is used to predict human thermal responses to cold while wearing different ensembles. The performance metrics, model, and a database of clothing properties were integrated into a user-friendly software application. CoWEDA is the first tool that allows users to build their own ensembles from the clothing menu (i.e., jackets, footwear, and accessories) for each body region (i.e., head, torso, lower body, hands, feet) and view their selections in the context of physiological strain and the operational consequences. Comparison of predicted values to skin and core temperatures, measured during 17 cold exposures ranging from 0 to \u221240\u00b0C, indicated that the accuracy of CoWEDA prediction is acceptable, and most predictions are within measured mean \u00b1 SD. CoWEDA predicts the risk of frostbite and hypothermia and ensures that a selected clothing ensemble is appropriate for expected weather conditions and activities. CoWEDA represents a significant enhancement of required clothing insulation (IREQ, ISO 11079) and wind chill index-based guidance for cold weather safety and survival.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-021-02113-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]],"date-time":"2021-04-04T06:02:38Z","timestamp":1617516158000},"page":"1415-1426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["A digital tool for prevention and management of cold weather injuries\u2014Cold Weather Ensemble Decision Aid (CoWEDA)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4536-3406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaojiang","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy P.","family":"Rioux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric O.","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Castellani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William R.","family":"Santee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Karis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam W.","family":"Potter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2113_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-6870(88)90078-6","volume":"19","author":"M Aptel","year":"1988","unstructured":"Aptel M (1988) Comparison between required clothing insulation and that actually worn by workers exposed to artificial cold. Appl Ergon 19(4):301\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0003-6870(88)90078-6","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"2113_CR2","unstructured":"ASHRAE (2013) Thermal Comfort. In: 2013 ASHRAE Handbood Fundamentals. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, pp 9.1-9.32"},{"key":"2113_CR3","unstructured":"ASTM International (2016a) Standard practice for determining the temperature ratings for cold weather protective clothing. In. West Conshohocken, PA"},{"key":"2113_CR4","unstructured":"ASTM International (2016b) Standard test method for measuring the evaporative resistance of clothing using a sweating manikin (ASTM F2370). In. West Conshohocken, PA"},{"key":"2113_CR5","unstructured":"ASTM International (2016c) Standard test method for measuring the thermal insulation of clothing using a heated manikin (ASTM F1291). In. West Conshohocken, PA"},{"issue":"3","key":"2113_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2004.07.004","volume":"76","author":"Y Besnard","year":"2004","unstructured":"Besnard Y, Launay JC, Guinet-Lebreton A, Savourey G (2004) PREDICTOL: a computer program to determine the thermophysiological duration limited exposures in various climatic conditions. Comput Methods Prog Biomed 76(3):221\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmpb.2004.07.004","journal-title":"Comput Methods Prog Biomed"},{"issue":"1","key":"2113_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c140081","volume":"6","author":"JW Castellani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Castellani JW, Tipton MJ (2015) Cold stress effects on exposure tolerance and exercise performance. Compr Physiol 6(1):443\u2013469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cphy.c140081","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2113_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000241641.75101.64","volume":"38","author":"JW Castellani","year":"2006","unstructured":"Castellani JW, Young AJ, Ducharme MB, Giesbrecht GG, Glickman E, Sallis RE (2006) Prevention of Cold Injuries during Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 38(11):2012\u20132029","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"6","key":"2113_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00499.2007","volume":"103","author":"JW Castellani","year":"2007","unstructured":"Castellani JW, O'Brien C, Tikuisis P, Sils IV, Xu X (2007) Evaluation of two cold thermoregulatory models for prediction of core temperature during exercise in cold water. J Appl Physiol 103(6):2034\u20132041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00499.2007","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2113_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Castellani JW, Yurkevicius BR, Jones ML, Driscoll TJ, Cowell CM, Smith L, Xu X, O'Brien C (2018) The effect of localized microclimate heating on peripheral skin temperatures and manual dexterity during cold exposure. J Appl Physiol (Bethesda, Md : 1985). doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00513.2018","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00513.2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"2113_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2012.760756","volume":"56","author":"FR d'Ambrosio Alfano","year":"2013","unstructured":"d'Ambrosio Alfano FR, Palella BI, Riccio G (2013) Notes on the implementation of the IREQ model for the assessment of extreme cold environments. Ergonomics 56(4):707\u2013724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00140139.2012.760756","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"5","key":"2113_CR12","first-page":"564","volume":"74","author":"DW DeGroot","year":"2003","unstructured":"DeGroot DW, Castellani JW, Williams JO, Amoroso PJ (2003) Epidemiology of U.S. Army cold weather injuries, 1980-1999. Aviat Space Environ Med 74(5):564\u2013570","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"2113_CR13","unstructured":"Department of the Army (2005) Prevention and management of cold-weather injuries. Technical Bulletin Medicine MED 508, Washington, DC: Headquaters"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"2113_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2014.07.002","volume":"46","author":"C Gao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gao C, Lin LY, Halder A, Kuklane K, Holmer I (2015) Validation of standard ASTM F2732 and comparison with ISO 11079 with respect to comfort temperature ratings for cold protective clothing. Appl Ergon 46(Pt A):44\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2014.07.002","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"2113_CR15","unstructured":"Geng Q (2001) Hand cooling, protection and performance in cold environments. Lule\u00e5 University of Technology, National Institute for Working Life"},{"key":"2113_CR16","unstructured":"Gonzalez RR, Endrusick TL, Santee WR (1989) Thermoregulatory responses in the cold: eof an extended cold weather clothing system (ECWCS). In, 1989. 15th Commonwealth Defence Conference on Operational Clothing and Combat Equipment. Ottawa, Canada"},{"issue":"3","key":"2113_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.83.3.1017","volume":"83","author":"R Gonzalez","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gonzalez R, McLellan TM, Withey WR, Chang SK, Pandolf KB (1997) Heat strain models applicable for protective clothing systems: comparison of core temperature response. J Appl Physiol 83(3):1017\u20131032","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2113_CR18","first-page":"1076","volume":"69","author":"RR Gonzalez","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gonzalez RR, Endrusick TL, Santee WR (1998) Thermoregulatory responses to cold: effects of handwear with multi-layered clothing. Aviat Space Environ Med 69(11):1076\u20131082","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2113_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139408963659","volume":"37","author":"RA Haslam","year":"1994","unstructured":"Haslam RA, Parsons KC (1994) Using computer-based models for predicting human thermal responses to hot and cold environments. Ergonomics 37(3):399\u2013416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00140139408963659","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2113_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldw001","volume":"117","author":"K Heil","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heil K, Thomas R, Robertson G, Porter A, Milner R, Wood A (2016) Freezing and non-freezing cold weather injuries: a systematic review. Br Med Bull 117(1):79\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bmb\/ldw001","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"2113_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-6870(94)00004-I","volume":"26","author":"R Heus","year":"1995","unstructured":"Heus R, Daanen HAM, Havenith G (1995) Physiological criteria for functioning of hands in the cold: a review. Appl Ergon 26(1):5\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0003-6870(94)00004-I","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"2113_CR22","unstructured":"Hickey Jr CA, Woodward Jr AA, Hanlon WE (1993) A pilot study to determine the thermal protective capability of electrically heated clothing and boot inserts. ARMY RESEARCH LAB ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD"},{"issue":"1B","key":"2113_CR23","first-page":"1116","volume":"90","author":"I Holmer","year":"1984","unstructured":"Holmer I (1984) Required clothing insulation (IREQ) as an analytical index of cold stress. ASHRAE Trans 90(1B):1116\u20131128","journal-title":"ASHRAE Trans"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2113_CR24","first-page":"239","volume":"47","author":"I Holmer","year":"1988","unstructured":"Holmer I (1988) Assessment of cold environments in terms of required insulation. Arctic Med Res 47(Suppl 1):239\u2013242","journal-title":"Arctic Med Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2113_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.47.228","volume":"47","author":"I Holmer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Holmer I (2009) Evaluation of cold workplaces: an overview of standards for assessment of cold stress. Ind Health 47(3):228\u2013234","journal-title":"Ind Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2113_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-151-04-02","volume":"151","author":"C Imray","year":"2005","unstructured":"Imray C, Oakley E (2005) Cold still kills: cold-related illnesses in military practice freezing and non-freezing cold injury. J R Army Med Corps 151(4):218\u2013222","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"key":"2113_CR27","unstructured":"ISO 11079 (2007) Ergonomics of the thermal environment -- determination and interpretation of cold stress when using required clothing insulation (IREQ) and the assessment of local cooling effects. Geneva"},{"issue":"6","key":"2113_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.2017-0154","volume":"55","author":"K Jussila","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jussila K, Rissanen S, Aminoff A, Wahlstrom J, Vaktskjold A, Talykova L, Remes J, Manttari S, Rintamaki H (2017) Thermal comfort sustained by cold protective clothing in Arctic open-pit mining-a thermal manikin and questionnaire study. Ind Health 55(6):537\u2013548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2486\/indhealth.2017-0154","journal-title":"Ind Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2113_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.47.242","volume":"47","author":"K Kuklane","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kuklane K (2009) Protection of feet in cold exposure. Ind Health 47(3):242\u2013253","journal-title":"Ind Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2113_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/meg008","volume":"47","author":"T Kupper","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kupper T, Steffgen J, Jansing P (2003) Cold exposure during helicopter rescue operations in the Western Alps. Ann Occup Hyg 47(1):7\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/annhyg\/meg008","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2113_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.47.207","volume":"47","author":"TM Makinen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Makinen TM, Hassi J (2009) Health problems in cold work. Ind Health 47(3):207\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2486\/indhealth.47.207","journal-title":"Ind Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2113_CR32","first-page":"29","volume":"91","author":"EA McCullough","year":"1985","unstructured":"McCullough EA, Jones BW, Huck J (1985) A comprehensive data base for estimating clothing insulation. ASHRAE Trans 91(2):29\u201347","journal-title":"ASHRAE Trans"},{"issue":"2","key":"2113_CR33","first-page":"316","volume":"95","author":"EA McCullough","year":"1989","unstructured":"McCullough EA, Jones BW, Tamura P (1989) A database for determining the evaporative resistance of clothing. ASHRAE Trans 95(2):316\u2013328","journal-title":"ASHRAE Trans"},{"key":"2113_CR34","unstructured":"O'Donnell FL, Stahlman S, Oetting AA (2017) Update: Cold weather injuries, active and reserve components, U.S. Armed Forces, July 2012-June 2017. Msmr 24 (10):12-21"},{"key":"2113_CR35","unstructured":"Potter AW, Gonzalez JA, Carter AJ, Looney DP, Rioux TP, Srinivasan S, Sullivan-Kwantes W, Xu X (2018) Comparison of cold weather clothing biophysical properties: US Army, Canadian Department of National Defence, and Norwegian Military. USARIEM Report T18-02; AD#1051229, Natick United States,"},{"key":"2113_CR36","unstructured":"Rioux T, Karis A, Moore B, Xu X (2018) Biophysical evaluation of individual component levels and selected configurations of the United States Marine Corps Cold-Weather Clothing Ensemble. USARIEM Technical Note T 18-02, Natick, MA"},{"key":"2113_CR37","unstructured":"Rioux T, Gonzalez JA, Karis A, Potter AW, Xu X (2020) Biophysical properties of five cold weather clothing systems and the predicted regional properties of ensembles. USARIEM Technical Report T 21-03. AD1115339, Natick, MA"},{"issue":"4","key":"2113_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2017.1381799","volume":"4","author":"W Sullivan-Kwantes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sullivan-Kwantes W, Goodman L (2017) The new cold war. Temperature (Austin, Tex) 4(4):341\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23328940.2017.1381799","journal-title":"Temperature (Austin, Tex)"},{"issue":"9","key":"2113_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1764","DOI":"10.7205\/milmed-d-16-00390","volume":"182","author":"W Sullivan-Kwantes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sullivan-Kwantes W, Dhillon P, Goodman L, Knapik JJ (2017) Medical encounters during a joint Canadian\/U.S. exercise in the high Arctic (exercise Arctic Ram). Mil Med 182(9):e1764\u2013e1768. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7205\/milmed-d-16-00390","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2113_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-010-0371-8","volume":"55","author":"X Xu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Xu X, Santee WR (2011) Sweat loss prediction using a multi-model approach. Int J Biometeorol 55(4):501\u2013508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00484-010-0371-8","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2113_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2114\/jpa.16.61","volume":"16","author":"X Xu","year":"1997","unstructured":"Xu X, Werner J (1997) A dynamic model of the human\/clothing\/environment-system. Appl Hum Sci 16(2):61\u201375","journal-title":"Appl Hum Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2113_CR42","first-page":"564","volume":"113","author":"X Xu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Xu X, Santee W, Giesbrecht G, Gonzalez R (2005a) Prediction of hand manual performance during cold exposure. SAE 2004. Trans J Aerosp 113(1):564\u2013567","journal-title":"Trans J Aerosp"},{"issue":"4","key":"2113_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2004.01.004","volume":"35","author":"X Xu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Xu X, Tikuisis P, Gonzalez R, Giesbrecht G (2005b) Thermoregulatory model for prediction of long-term cold exposure. Comput Biol Med 35(4):287\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2004.01.004","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"2113_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu X, Castellani JW, Santee W, Kolka M (2007) Thermal responses for men with different fat compositions during immersion in cold water at two depths: prediction versus observation. Eur J Appl Physiol 100, 79(1):\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-007-0393-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-007-0393-z"},{"issue":"6","key":"2113_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2011.06.009","volume":"36","author":"X Xu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Xu X, Turner CA, Santee WR (2011) Survival time prediction in marine environments. J Therm Biol 36(6):340\u2013345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2011.06.009","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Biometeorology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00484-021-02113-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00484-021-02113-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00484-021-02113-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T12:11:16Z","timestamp":1628251876000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00484-021-02113-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["2113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00484-021-02113-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7128","1432-1254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7128","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 June 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 February 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 March 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 April 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the author(s) and are not to be construed as official or reflecting the views of the Army or the Department of Defense. Any citations of commercial organizations and trade names in this report do not constitute an official Department of the Army endorsement of approval of the products or services of these organizations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclaimer"}}]}}