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This study aimed to analyze the effect of HS on the intestinal immune function of <jats:italic>Salmonella-<\/jats:italic>infected chickens. Fourteen-day-old broilers were divided into the following four groups of eight replicates: control (Control), heat stress (HS), Salmonella Typhimurium (ST), and heat stress + Salmonella Typhimurium (HS+ST). The broilers were subjected to a heat stress of 35 \u00b0C from 15 to 28 days of age. Salmonella Typhimurium (ST, 14028, 10<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup> cfu\/mL) was inoculated, via oral administration at 29 days of age, into ST and HS+ST group birds. On the 4th day after Salmonella Typhimurium administration, an increase in jejunum IgA levels was observed in chickens infected with Salmonella Typhimurium. Mechanistic regulation of TLR4-NF\u03baB-NLRP3 and TLR4-TBK1 signaling by heat stress was evaluated in Salmonella Typhimurium\u2013infected broilers. Heat stress markedly inhibited the expression of cytokines including TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, IL-1\u03b2, NLRP3, caspase-1, NF-\u03baB-p65, and p-NF-\u03baB-p65, and the TLR4-TBK1 cytokines IFN-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b3, p-IRF3, and p-TBK1 in jejunum of broilers infected with Salmonella Typhimurium. Collectively, our results demonstrate that heat stress can inhibit intestinal immune response by downregulating the expression of TLR4-NF\u03baB-NLRP3 and TLR4-TBK1 signaling pathways in broilers infected with Salmonella Typhimurium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-021-02146-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T13:06:03Z","timestamp":1622552763000},"page":"1895-1903","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Heat stress inhibits TLR4-NF-\u03baB and TLR4-TBK1 signaling pathways in broilers infected with Salmonella Typhimurium"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Wei-Hao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Lei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-Chi","family":"Lun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Ming","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu-Ping","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2146_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12622","volume":"101","author":"A Abdelqader","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abdelqader A, Abuajamieh M, Hammad H, Al-Fataftah A (2017) Effects of dietary butyrate supplementation on intestinal integrity of heat-stressed cockerels. 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