{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T01:39:58Z","timestamp":1789522798476,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002668","name":"Abant Izzet Baysal University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Biometeorol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Changes caused by air-cleaning devices in the amounts of volatile organic compounds in an intensive care unit were monitored in the study. The cancer risk and hazard index were calculated. The measurements were made for one month at isolated room and two different points and times in the intensive care unit. According to the sampling program, the air-cleaning devices were turned off in weeks 1 and 4 and turned on in weeks 2 and 3. Volatile organic compounds were collected by active sampling. Samples were analyzed by a thermal desorber coupled to a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry instrument with selective ion monitoring. The results showed that the concentrations of benzene, toluene, and o-xylene decreased by about 70% after the air-cleaning devices were installed. The cancer risk assessment for naphthalene was recorded at the highest level of cancer risk (Class A). The hazard index value of naphthalene was recorded at the harmful level when air-cleaning devices were not installed. The concentrations of benzene (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01), toluene (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02), ethylbenzene (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02), styrene (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01), and m, p-xylene (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04) before the air-cleaning devices were installed were significantly different from those recorded when the air-cleaning devices were turned on.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-024-02701-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T07:01:48Z","timestamp":1721286108000},"page":"1731-1739","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Volatile organic compounds and cancer risk assessment in an intensive care unit"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1661-7166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanaz","family":"Lakestani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2701_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7107","volume":"112","author":"JL Adgate","year":"2004","unstructured":"Adgate JL, Church TR, Ryan AD et al (2004) Outdoor, indoor, and personal exposure to VOCs in children. Environ Health Perspect 112:1386\u20131392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.7107","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2701_CR2","unstructured":"Aerte (2011) Aerte launches revolutionary. Medical Technology Business Europe"},{"key":"2701_CR3","unstructured":"Babaei P, Ogun EGG (2017) Farkl\u0131 T\u00fcrdeki Hava Temizleme Cihazlar\u0131n\u0131n Partik\u00fcl Madde ve Formaldehit Giderimi Etkinliklerinin K\u0131yaslanmas\u0131. In: Vii. Ulusal HKi\u0307rli\u0307li\u0307\u011fi\u0307 Ve Kontrol\u00fc Sempozyumu. pp 823\u2013829"},{"key":"2701_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bessonneau V, Mosqueron L, Berrub\u00e9 A et al (2013) VOC Contamination in Hospital, from Stationary Sampling of a large panel of compounds, in View of Healthcare Workers and patients exposure Assessment. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0055535. PLoS ONE 8:","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055535"},{"key":"2701_CR5","unstructured":"Calabrese EJ, Kenyon EM (2004) Air toxics and risk assessment"},{"key":"2701_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46640","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c05570","volume":"7","author":"GT Carroll","year":"2022","unstructured":"Carroll GT, Kirschman DL (2022) A peripherally located Air Recirculation device containing an activated Carbon Filter reduces VOC levels in a simulated operating room. ACS Omega 7:46640\u201346645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.2c05570","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"2701_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen M, Lin C, Lai C et al (2016) Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk Assessment of Volatile Organic compounds emitted from a Petrochemical Industrial Complex. 1954\u20131966. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4209\/aaqr.2015.05.0372","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2015.05.0372"},{"key":"2701_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.10.071","volume":"577","author":"H Dai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dai H, Jing S, Wang H et al (2017) VOC characteristics and inhalation health risks in newly renovated residences in Shanghai, China. Sci Total Environ 577:73\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.10.071","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2701_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8498","DOI":"10.1021\/es071127s","volume":"41","author":"RE Dodson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dodson RE, Houseman EA, Levy JI et al (2007) Measured and modeled personal exposures to and risks from volatile organic compounds. Environ Sci Technol 41:8498\u20138505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es071127s","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2701_CR10","unstructured":"EPA (1999) Determination of volatile Organic compounds in Ambient. Air Using Active Sampling Onto Sorbent Tubes"},{"key":"2701_CR11","unstructured":"EPA (2011) An overview of methods for EPA\u2019s. National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment"},{"key":"2701_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1177\/1420326X03012001017","volume":"12","author":"E Glumbakaite","year":"2003","unstructured":"Glumbakaite E, \u017dymantiene Z, \u0160e\u0161kauskas V et al (2003) Quality of the air and health assessment of the medical staff handling disinfection chemicals in Lithuanian hospitals. Indoor Built Environ 12:105\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1420326X03012001017","journal-title":"Indoor Built Environ"},{"key":"2701_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(03)00169-4","volume":"312","author":"M Hargreaves","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hargreaves M, Parappukkaran S, Morawska L et al (2003) A pilot investigation into associations between indoor airborne fungal and non-biological particle concentrations in residential houses in Brisbane, Australia. Sci Total Environ 312:89\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0048-9697(03)00169-4","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2701_CR14","unstructured":"Health and Safety Executive (2020) List of Workplace Exposure Limits (WELS) (Fourth Edition 2020)"},{"key":"2701_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/216507991105900303","volume":"59","author":"U-M Hellgren","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hellgren U-M, Reijula K (2011) Indoor air problems in hospitals. AAOHN J 59:111\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/216507991105900303","journal-title":"AAOHN J"},{"key":"2701_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hospodsky D, Qian J, Nazaroff WW et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria. Plos One 7:. https:\/\/doi.org\/ARTNe3486710.1371\/journal.pone.0034867","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034867"},{"key":"2701_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2017.02.0089","volume":"17","author":"HL Huang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang HL, Lee MK, Shih HW (2017) Assessment of indoor bioaerosols in public spaces by Real-Time Measured Airborne Particles. Aerosol Air Qual Res 17:2276\u20132288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4209\/aaqr.2017.02.0089","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual Res"},{"key":"2701_CR18","unstructured":"IARC (2022) Agents classified by the IARC monographs"},{"key":"2701_CR19","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (2012) Agents classified by the IARC monographs"},{"key":"2701_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Isinkaralar K (2023) A study on the gaseous benzene removal based on Adsorption onto the cost-effective and environmentally friendly adsorbent. Molecules 28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28083453","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28083453"},{"key":"2701_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2023.103209","volume":"31","author":"K Isinkaralar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Isinkaralar K, Turkyilmaz A, Lakestani S (2023) Equilibrium study of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) from gas streams by black pine cones-derived activated carbon. Environ Technol Innov 31:103209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eti.2023.103209","journal-title":"Environ Technol Innov"},{"key":"2701_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2005.02.004","volume":"36","author":"N Kalogerakis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kalogerakis N, Paschali D, Lekaditis V et al (2005) Indoor air quality - bioaerosol measurements in domestic and office premises. J Aerosol Sci 36:751\u2013761. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2005.02.004","journal-title":"J Aerosol Sci"},{"key":"2701_CR23","unstructured":"Lakestani S (2015) Investigation of indoor volatile Organic compounds in the Houses of infants from. Prenatal Period To Postnatal Period"},{"key":"2701_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.1061557","volume":"7","author":"S Lakestani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lakestani S, Karakas B, Acar Vaizoglu S et al (2013) Comparison of indoor and Outdoor Air Quality in Children Homes at prenatal period and one Year Old. J Civil Environ Struct Constr Architectural Eng 7:275\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.1061557","journal-title":"J Civil Environ Struct Constr Architectural Eng"},{"key":"2701_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2014-102080.Exposure","volume":"176","author":"R LeBouf","year":"2014","unstructured":"LeBouf R, Virji M, Saito R et al (2014) Exposure to volatile organic compounds in healthcare settings. Occup Environ Med 176:100\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oemed-2014-102080.Exposure","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2701_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2019.11.006","volume":"93","author":"C Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li C, Li Q, Tong D et al (2020) Environmental impact and health risk assessment of volatile organic compound emissions during different seasons in Beijing. J Environ Sci 93:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jes.2019.11.006","journal-title":"J Environ Sci"},{"key":"2701_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2014.955905","volume":"77","author":"SK Lim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lim SK, Shin HS, Yoon KS et al (2014) Risk assessment of volatile organic compounds benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) in consumer products. J Toxicol Environ Health - Part A: Curr Issues 77:1502\u20131521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15287394.2014.955905","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health - Part A: Curr Issues"},{"key":"2701_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1128\/Aem.44.5.1059-1063.1982","volume":"44","author":"J Lindemann","year":"1982","unstructured":"Lindemann J, Constantinidou HA, Barchet WR, Upper CD (1982) Plants as sources of Airborne Bacteria, including ice nucleation-active Bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 44:1059\u20131063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/Aem.44.5.1059-1063.1982","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2701_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maung TZ, Bishop JE, Holt E et al (2022) Indoor air Pollution and the health of vulnerable groups: a systematic review focused on Particulate Matter (PM), volatile Organic compounds (VOCs) and their effects on children and people with Pre-existing Lung Disease. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19148752","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148752"},{"key":"2701_CR30","unstructured":"Nicholas RC (2014) The effect of ozone and open air factor on Environmental Microbial isolates of significance in the Food Industry. Cardiff Metropolitan University"},{"key":"2701_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3833","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(99)00527-0","volume":"34","author":"JS Pastuszka","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pastuszka JS, Paw UKT, Lis DO et al (2000) Bacterial and fungal aerosol in indoor environment in Upper Silesia, Poland. Atmos Environ 34:3833\u20133842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1352-2310(99)00527-0","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"2701_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4502","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8124502","volume":"8","author":"AR Pickett","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pickett AR, Bell ML (2011) Assessment of indoor air pollution in homes with infants. Int J Environ Res Public Health 8:4502\u20134520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph8124502","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2701_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2018.1550194","volume":"29","author":"P Rautiainen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rautiainen P, Hyttinen M, Ruokolainen J et al (2019) Indoor air-related symptoms and volatile organic compounds in materials and air in the hospital environment. Int J Environ Health Res 29:479\u2013488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09603123.2018.1550194","journal-title":"Int J Environ Health Res"},{"key":"2701_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159813","volume":"858","author":"N Rawat","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rawat N, Kumar P (2023) Interventions for improving indoor and outdoor air quality in and around schools. Sci Total Environ 858:159813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159813","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2701_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2023.110513","volume":"242","author":"TP Riveron","year":"2023","unstructured":"Riveron TP, Wilde MJ, Ibrahim W et al (2023) Characterisation of volatile organic compounds in hospital indoor air and exposure health risk determination. Build Environ 242:110513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.buildenv.2023.110513","journal-title":"Build Environ"},{"key":"2701_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/15459620902735892","volume":"6","author":"H Salonen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Salonen H, Pasanen AL, Lappalainen S et al (2009) Volatile organic compounds and formaldehyde as explaining factors for sensory irritation in office environments. J Occup Environ Hyg 6:239\u2013247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15459620902735892","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Hyg"},{"key":"2701_CR37","unstructured":"Settimo SC\u2022 G, Gola M (eds) (2017) Indoor air quality in health care facilities. Springer International Publishing"},{"key":"2701_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00248","volume":"7","author":"J Steinbach","year":"2019","unstructured":"Steinbach J, Goedicke-Fritz S, Tutdibi E et al (2019) Bedside measurement of volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere of neonatal incubators using ion mobility spectrometry. Front Pead 7:4\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2019.00248","journal-title":"Front Pead"},{"key":"2701_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tseng CH, Wang HC, Xiao NY, Chang YM (2011) Examining the feasibility of prediction models by monitoring data and management data for bioaerosols inside office buildings. Build Environ 46:2578\u20132589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.06.016.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.06.016"},{"key":"2701_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1039\/c9an01134j","volume":"146","author":"PMP Van Oort","year":"2021","unstructured":"Van Oort PMP, White IR, Ahmed W et al (2021) Detection and quantification of exhaled volatile organic compounds in mechanically ventilated patients-comparison of two sampling methods. Analyst 146:222\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c9an01134j","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"2701_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.20097","volume":"81","author":"L Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang L, Pinkerton KE (2007) Air pollutant effects on fetal and early postnatal development. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 81:144\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdrc.20097","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today"},{"key":"2701_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2011.00713.x","volume":"21","author":"CJ Weschler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Weschler CJ (2011) Chemistry in indoor environments: 20 years of research. Indoor Air 21:205\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2011.00713.x","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"2701_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2016.09.0400","volume":"17","author":"CJ Xu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xu CJ, Wu CY, Yao MS (2017) Fluorescent bioaerosol particles resulting from human occupancy with and without respirators. Aerosol Air Qual Res 17:198\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4209\/aaqr.2016.09.0400","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual Res"},{"key":"2701_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-014-0015-3","volume":"38","author":"C-T Yang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yang C-T, Liao C-J, Liu J-C et al (2014) Construction and application of an Intelligent Air Quality Monitoring System for Healthcare Environment. J Med Syst 38:15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10916-014-0015-3","journal-title":"J Med Syst"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Biometeorology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00484-024-02701-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00484-024-02701-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00484-024-02701-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T11:06:37Z","timestamp":1728385597000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00484-024-02701-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["2701"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00484-024-02701-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7128","1432-1254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7128","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 April 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 May 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 July 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"There is no human or animal subject in this study so no need for ethical approval.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The author declares no conflict of interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}}]}}