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We conducted a winter field study across four urban parks in Hong Kong, collecting 611 paired questionnaire-microclimate records (December-March). On-site measurements (air temperature, globe temperature, humidity, wind) were linked at 60-s resolution to Cantonese surveys of thermal sensation. Neutral temperature was estimated with ordinary least squares and confirmed with proportional-odds models; 2,000-fold bootstrap confidence intervals and 0.5\u00a0\u00b0C binned regressions quantified uncertainty and sensitivity. Whole-sample neutral points were Air Temperature (T\n                    <jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) 20.6\u00a0\u00b0C (95% CI 19.7\u201321.6\u00a0\u00b0C), Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) 23.7\u00a0\u00b0C (22.2\u201325.8\u00a0\u00b0C), and Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) 20.7\u00a0\u00b0C (19.3\u201322.5\u00a0\u00b0C). T\n                    <jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>\n                    was the strongest single predictor of mean thermal sensation in binned fits (R\u00b2 = 0.62), followed by UTCI (R\u00b2 = 0.54) and PET (R\u00b2= 0.22). Females showed slightly steeper vote-temperature slopes but similar neutralities to males. Age had a clear effect: neutral UTCI rose from 18.6\u00a0\u00b0C (&lt;\u200960\u00a0years) to 23.1\u00a0\u00b0C (&gt;\u200975\u00a0years), with flatter slopes in older cohorts. Park type also mattered. Neutral PET and UTCI were about 2\u00a0\u00b0C warmer in larger, greener district parks than in compact street parks, consistent with higher sky-view and lower turbulence. Robustness checks (ordinal-logit, trimmed bins, meteorological filtering) shifted whole-sample neutralities by \u2264\u20090.4\u00a0\u00b0C. We propose UTCI 20\u201322\u00a0\u00b0C as a practical winter design target for subtropical parks, complemented by 2\u20133\u00a0\u00b0C warmer micro-niches for older users through solar access and wind shelter. These calibrated benchmarks support climate-responsive park design that sustains outdoor use through mild winters in ageing, high-density cities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-026-03190-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T08:22:00Z","timestamp":1775550120000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Designing for mild winters: evidence-based thermal comfort benchmarks from urban parks in a sub-tropical city"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Kevin","family":"Lau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3588-8225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingye","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"3190_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foar.2020.11.006","volume":"10","author":"N Abdollahzadeh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abdollahzadeh N, Biloria N (2021) Outdoor thermal comfort: analyzing the impact of urban configurations on the thermal performance of street canyons in the humid subtropical climate of Sydney. 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