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Lambs exhibit enhanced thermogenic abilities and increased brown fat deposition when ewes experience cold during late-pregnancy. This study evaluated the effects of various prenatal stressors on newborn lamb thermogenesis through three experiments. Experiment 1 examined the impact of mid-pregnancy shearing and wetting on lamb thermogenesis. Experiment 2 involved transporting and cold-exposing late-pregnancy ewes. Experiment 3 combined stressors like yarding, transport, wetting, and cold exposure in mid- or late-pregnancy ewes. Four-hour-old lambs were subjected to a 1-hour cold challenge during which infrared thermal images from the dorsal midline were taken every 10\u00a0min. Lambs from ewes shorn and wetted during mid-pregnancy tended to have higher body surface temperatures than those handled during mid-pregnancy (Experiment 1;\n                    <jats:italic>P\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u20090.073) and they also maintained body surface temperature better during the cold challenge (Experiment 1;\n                    <jats:italic>P\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u20090.025). Lambs from ewes exposed to late-pregnancy combined stressors showed higher radiated body surface temperatures than both mid-pregnancy stressed and control lambs (Experiment 3;\n                    <jats:italic>P\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u20090.05) while late-pregnancy stress group lambs maintained radiated body surface temperature longer than both mid-pregnancy stressed and control groups lambs (Experiment 3;\n                    <jats:italic>P\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u20090.01). The study concludes that cold exposure combined with husbandry stressors leads to differences in lamb thermogenesis, with mechanisms varying based on the timing of stressors.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-026-03243-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T11:20:17Z","timestamp":1781176817000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prenatal stress improves the ability of neonatal lambs to maintain body surface temperature during periods of cold exposure"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9564-4316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lea","family":"Labeur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4477-3462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison H.","family":"Small","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6646-8760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabine","family":"Schmoelzl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"3243_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1071\/BI9780489","volume":"31","author":"G Alexander","year":"1978","unstructured":"Alexander G (1978) Quantitative development of adipose tissue in foetal sheep. 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The other authors report no conflicts of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"188"}}