{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T10:21:54Z","timestamp":1787739714440,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Biometeorol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-026-03283-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T09:42:11Z","timestamp":1786527731000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Burden of lower respiratory infections attributable to PM2.5 and the impact of COVID-19 in China and the G20: 1990\u20132023"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Bin","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4987-4735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"3283_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.109230","volume":"195","author":"A Alari","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alari A, Ranzani O, Mila C, Olmos S, Basagana X, Dadvand P, Duarte-Salles T, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Tonne C (2025) Long-term exposure to air pollution and lower respiratory infections in a large population-based adult cohort in Catalonia. Environ Int 195:109230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2024.109230","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"3283_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4866","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84435-y","volume":"11","author":"AK Asri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Asri AK, Pan WC, Lee HY, Su HJ, Wu CD, Spengler JD (2021) Spatial patterns of lower respiratory tract infections and their association with fine particulate matter. Sci Rep 11(1):4866. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-84435-y","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"3283_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2023-109112","volume":"81","author":"AB Belachew","year":"2024","unstructured":"Belachew AB, Rantala AK, Jaakkola MS, Hugg TT, Sofiev M, Kukkonen J, Jaakkola JJK (2024) Prenatal and early life exposure to air pollution and the risk of severe lower respiratory tract infections during early childhood: the Espoo Cohort Study. Occup Environ Med 81(4):209\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oemed-2023-109112","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"3283_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Blechter B, Cardenas A, Shi J, Wong JYY, Hu W, Rahman ML, Breeze C, Downward GS, Portengen L, Zhang Y, Ning B, Ji BT, Cawthon R, Li J, Yang K, Bozack A, Dean Hosgood H, Silverman DT, Huang Y, Rothman N, Vermeulen R, Lan Q (2023) Household air pollution and epigenetic aging in Xuanwei, China. Environ Int 178:108041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108041"},{"issue":"10367","key":"3283_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01546-X","volume":"400","author":"X Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen X, Giles J, Yao Y, Yip W, Meng Q, Berkman L, Chen H, Chen X, Feng J, Feng Z, Glinskaya E, Gong J, Hu P, Kan H, Lei X, Liu X, Steptoe A, Wang G, Wang H, Wang H, Wang X, Wang Y, Yang L, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Wu J, Wu Z, Strauss J, Smith J, Zhao Y (2022) The path to healthy ageing in China: a Peking University-Lancet Commission. Lancet 400(10367):1967\u20132006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01546-X","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3283_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.135319","volume":"477","author":"J Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen J, Cui Y, Deng Y, Xiang Y, Chen J, Wang Y, Wang T, He M (2024) Global, regional, and national burden of cancers attributable to particulate matter pollution from 1990 to 2019 and projection to 2050: Worsening or improving? J Hazard Mater 477:135319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.135319","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"issue":"11","key":"3283_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00510-2","volume":"22","author":"GL Collaborators","year":"2022","unstructured":"Collaborators GL (2022) Age-sex differences in the global burden of lower respiratory infections and risk factors, 1990\u20132019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Infect Dis 22(11):1626\u20131647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00510-2","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10440","key":"3283_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00933-4","volume":"403","author":"GBDRF Collaborators","year":"2024","unstructured":"Collaborators GBDRF (2024a) Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 403(10440):2162\u20132203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00933-4","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"3283_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00369-7","volume":"23","author":"GBDSRF Collaborators","year":"2024","unstructured":"Collaborators GBDSRF (2024b) Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Neurol 23(10):973\u20131003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00369-7","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"10513","key":"3283_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01637-X","volume":"406","author":"GDIRF Collaborators","year":"2025","unstructured":"Collaborators GDIRF (2025) Burden of 375 diseases and injuries, risk-attributable burden of 88 risk factors, and healthy life expectancy in 204 countries and territories, including 660 subnational locations, 1990\u20132023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023. Lancet 406(10513):1873\u20131922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01637-X","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3283_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.10.012","volume":"237","author":"Y Cui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cui Y, Yan Y (2024) Effect of water and sanitation, PM pollution and climate change of COPD and LRIs under different sociodemographic transitions. Public Health 237:150\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.10.012","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"3283_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.132215","volume":"459","author":"J Hu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hu J, Zhou R, Ding R, Ye DW, Su Y (2023) Effect of PM(2.5) air pollution on the global burden of lower respiratory infections, 1990\u20132019: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. J Hazard Mater 459:132215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.132215","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"issue":"9","key":"3283_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00176-2","volume":"24","author":"GBDLR Infections","year":"2024","unstructured":"Infections GBDLR, Antimicrobial Resistance C (2024) Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality burden of non-COVID-19 lower respiratory infections and aetiologies, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Infect Dis 24(9):974\u20131002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00176-2","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"3283_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00689-9","volume":"24","author":"GBDLR Infections","year":"2025","unstructured":"InfectionsGBDLR, Antimicrobial Resistance C (2025) Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality burden of non-COVID-19 lower respiratory infections and aetiologies, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Infect Dis 24(9):974\u20131002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00689-9","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"3283_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.06.016","volume":"15","author":"L Kang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kang L, Jing W, Liu Q, Liu J, Liu M (2022) The trends of mortality, aetiologies and risk factors of lower respiratory infections in China from 1990 to 2019: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. J Infect Public Health 15(8):870\u2013876. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.06.016","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"3283_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.14389","volume":"28","author":"L Kang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kang L, Jing W, Liu J, Liu M (2023) Trends of global and regional aetiologies, risk factors and mortality of lower respiratory infections from 1990 to 2019: An analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Respirology 28(2):166\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/resp.14389","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"3283_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.p1897","volume":"382","author":"A Kant","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kant A, Clark H (2023) The G20 must act now for the health and wellbeing of women, children, and adolescents around the world. BMJ 382:1897. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.p1897","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"3283_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim C, Seow WJ, Shu XO, Bassig BA, Rothman N, Chen BE, Xiang YB, Hosgood HD, Ji BT, Hu W, Wen C, Chow WH, Cai Q, Yang G, Gao YT, Zheng W, Lan Q (2016) Cooking coal use and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a prospective cohort study of women in Shanghai, China. Environ Health Perspect 124(9):1384\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/EHP236","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP236"},{"key":"3283_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2024.101246","volume":"53","author":"C Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li C, Qi J, Yin P, Yu X, Sun H, Zhou M, Liang W (2024) The burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to air pollution across China and its provinces, 1990\u20132021: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Reg Health West Pac 53:101246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2024.101246","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"issue":"1","key":"3283_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-025-03197-7","volume":"26","author":"M Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li M, Song Z, Wan W, Zhou H (2025) Burden of non-COVID-19 lower respiratory infections in China (1990\u20132021): a global burden of disease study analysis. Respir Res 26(1):125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12931-025-03197-7","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"3283_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1395","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00332-1","volume":"10","author":"Local Burden of Disease Household Air Pollution C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Local Burden of Disease Household Air Pollution C (2022) Mapping development and health effects of cooking with solid fuels in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-18: a geospatial modelling study. Lancet Glob Health 10(10):e1395\u2013e1411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00332-1","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"3283_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e882","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00069-9","volume":"10","author":"M Lowe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lowe M, Adlakha D, Sallis JF, Salvo D, Cerin E, Moudon AV, Higgs C, Hinckson E, Arundel J, Boeing G, Liu S, Mansour P, Gebel K, Puig-Ribera A, Mishra PB, Bozovic T, Carson J, Dygryn J, Florindo AA, Ho TP, Hook H, Hunter RF, Lai PC, Molina-Garcia J, Nitvimol K, Oyeyemi AL, Ramos CDG, Resendiz E, Troelsen J, Witlox F, Giles-Corti B (2022) City planning policies to support health and sustainability: an international comparison of policy indicators for 25 cities. Lancet Glob Health 10(6):e882\u2013e894. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00069-9","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"3283_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2021.09.010","volume":"5","author":"M Moner-Girona","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moner-Girona M, Kakoulaki G, Falchetta G, Weiss DJ, Taylor N (2021) Achieving universal electrification of rural healthcare facilities in sub-Saharan Africa with decentralized renewable energy technologies. Joule 5(10):2687\u20132714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joule.2021.09.010","journal-title":"Joule"},{"issue":"7721","key":"3283_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0457-8","volume":"561","author":"L Partridge","year":"2018","unstructured":"Partridge L, Deelen J, Slagboom PE (2018) Facing up to the global challenges of ageing. Nature 561(7721):45\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-018-0457-8","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"19","key":"3283_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70074","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70074","volume":"12","author":"M Raina","year":"2024","unstructured":"Raina M, Salerno P, Doshi K, Hu J, Rajagopalan S (2024) Global and national burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus attributable to PM2.5 air pollution: An analysis of the GBD study from 1990 to 2019. Physiol Rep 12(19):e70074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14814\/phy2.70074","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"issue":"10366","key":"3283_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02410-2","volume":"400","author":"L The","year":"2022","unstructured":"The L (2022) Population ageing in China: crisis or opportunity? Lancet 400(10366):1821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02410-2","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"41","key":"3283_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.08.041","volume":"41","author":"J Tian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tian J, Zheng B, Yang L, Guan Y, Xu C, Wang W (2023) Effectiveness of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on all-cause pneumonia in children under 5 years in Shanghai, China: An observational study. Vaccine 41(41):5979\u20135986. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.08.041","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"3","key":"3283_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2019.12.33","volume":"12","author":"LG Vargas Buonfiglio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vargas Buonfiglio LG, Comellas AP (2020) Mechanism of ambient particulate matter and respiratory infections. J Thorac Dis 12(3):134\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/jtd.2019.12.33","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"3283_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.2174\/1874609816666230516150701","volume":"16","author":"PMM Vicerra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vicerra PMM (2023) Population Ageing in Lower and Middle-income Countries: Policy Landscape of Southeast Asian Countries. Curr Aging Sci 16(3):188\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1874609816666230516150701","journal-title":"Curr Aging Sci"},{"key":"3283_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507672","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1507672","volume":"12","author":"Z Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang Z, Meng S, Fan Y, Liu J, Zhao L, Cui Y, Xie K (2024) Long-term trends and comparison of the burden of lower respiratory tract infections in China and globally from 1990 to 2021: an analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease study 2021. Front Public Health 12:1507672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1507672","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"3283_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118913","volume":"303","author":"E Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang E, Li S, Wu Y, Liu H, Li Y, Zhou T (2025) Global burden of lower respiratory infections attributable to PM(2.5) across global, regional, national level and China from 1990 to 2021 and predictions to 2035: A cross-sectional study. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 303:118913. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118913","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"3283_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.134080","volume":"375","author":"W Wen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wen W, Li Y, Song Y (2022) Assessing the negative effect and positive effect of COVID-19 in China. J Clean Prod 375:134080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.134080","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"issue":"7","key":"3283_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4854","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000002464","volume":"111","author":"P Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang P, Huang W, Xu Y, Teng Y, Shu P (2025) Trends and projections of the burden of gastric cancer in China and G20 countries: a comparative study based on the global burden of disease database 2021. Int J Surg 111(7):4854\u20134865. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JS9.0000000000002464","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"3283_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2023.04.009","volume":"145","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Mao X, Wang Z, Tan Y, Zhang Z, Wu Y, Gao Y (2023) Impact of the emergency response to COVID-19 on air quality and its policy implications: Evidence from 290 cities in China. Environ Sci Policy 145:50\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envsci.2023.04.009","journal-title":"Environ Sci Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"3283_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-025-04724-6","volume":"25","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Yang X, Du Y, Chen L, Dong J, Hu T, Sun N, Sun Q, Liang W, Wei X, Zhang Z (2025) Global cardiovascular disease burden attributable to particulate matter pollution, 1990\u20132021: an analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021 and forecast to 2045. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 25(1):401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12872-025-04724-6","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"3283_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391836","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1391836","volume":"12","author":"B Zou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zou B, Wu P, Luo J, Li L, Zhou M (2024) Analysis of the global burden of cardiovascular diseases linked to exposure to ambient particulate matter pollution from 1990 to 2019. Front Public Health 12:1391836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1391836","journal-title":"Front Public Health"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Biometeorology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00484-026-03283-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00484-026-03283-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00484-026-03283-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T09:52:27Z","timestamp":1787737947000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00484-026-03283-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["3283"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00484-026-03283-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7128","1432-1254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7128","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethics approval was not required as this study exclusively utilized publicly available, de-identified data from the GBD Study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"231"}}