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This study evaluated the performance of machine learning methods for short-term forecasting of the weekly dengue morbidity rate in the 27 Brazilian capital cities, comprising the 26 state capitals and Bras\u00edlia, Federal District, with horizons up to 4 weeks. Epidemiological, climatic, and socioeconomic data were compiled for these capital cities and used to compare a Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) neural network, formulated as a Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) model, and a Gradient Boosting model (CatBoost), implemented using a Direct forecasting strategy with horizon-specific models. Validation was conducted using a walk-forward approach, with evaluation based on absolute error metrics and the coefficient of determination. The results indicated that the GRU architecture presented recurring limitations, including underfitting, temporal lag, and low capacity to anticipate epidemic peaks. In contrast, the CatBoost model demonstrated greater robustness and better adaptation to the variability of epidemiological time series, showing superior performance in most of the analyzed capitals. The findings reinforce that greater architectural complexity does not necessarily imply better operational performance and highlight the potential of ensemble-based methods for short-term epidemiological surveillance applications. These findings contribute to dengue forecasting by showing that, under a common validation framework, ensemble-based strategies may provide greater operational robustness than recurrent MIMO architectures for short-term prediction in heterogeneous epidemiological settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-026-03300-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T08:51:05Z","timestamp":1786697465000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative evaluation of machine learning strategies for short-term dengue forecasting in Brazilian capital municipalities"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3280-0478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darllan Collins da Cunha e","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5352-5316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliane Moreira","family":"Nery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5941-1575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00edcholas de Paula","family":"Nicomedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0757-3757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Cesar Madureira de Godoy","family":"Camargo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8283-3764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leopoldo Andr\u00e9 Dutra","family":"Lusquino Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2357-1215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raphael de Vicq Ferreira da","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7293-3825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa Maria Fernandes","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"3300_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aliferis C, Simon G (2024) Overfitting, underfitting and general model overconfidence and under-performance pitfalls and best practices in machine learning and AI. 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